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| Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5′ → 3′ directions). |
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| A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods. |
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| A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
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| The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. |
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| A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins. |
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| A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride |
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| A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. |
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| A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. |
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| A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. |
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| A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers. |
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| Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. |
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| The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
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| The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O. |
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| A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA. |
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| The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups. |
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| The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. |
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| A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes. |
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Definition
| A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. |
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| A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA. |
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| A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
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Definition
| A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. |
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| A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. |
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| One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines. |
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| One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are pyrimidines. |
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Definition
| A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses. |
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Definition
| The sugar component of RNA nucleotides |
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| A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the β-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals. |
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Definition
| An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds. |
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Definition
| A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride. |
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Definition
| A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. |
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| A technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule. |
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| together (condensation reaction: a reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water) |
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| two (disaccharide: two monosaccharides joined |
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| sweet (glycogen: a polysaccharide sugar used to store energy in animals) |
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| break (hydrolysis: breaking chemical bonds by adding water) |
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| large (macromolecule: a large molecule) |
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| part (polymer: a chain made from smaller organic molecules) |
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| sugar (monosaccharide: simplest type of sugar) |
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| many (polysaccharide: many monosaccharides joined together) |
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| three (triacylglycerol: three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule) |
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