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| The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
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| The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom. |
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| An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons |
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| The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol. |
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| An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells. |
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| In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time. |
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| The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. |
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| A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. |
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| A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. |
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| A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu. |
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| A double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms. |
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| A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. |
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| The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force). |
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| A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule. |
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| An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge |
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| A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. |
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| A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt. |
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| One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass. |
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| The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. |
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| Anything that takes up space and has mass. |
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| A subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral), with a mass of about 1.7 × 10-24 g, found in the nucleus of an atom. |
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| A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. |
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| The three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time. |
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| The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure). |
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| An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy. |
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| A starting material in a chemical reaction. |
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| A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound. |
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| A single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. |
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| An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts. |
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| The bonding capacity of a given atom; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost (valence) shell. |
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| An electron in the outermost electron shell. |
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Definition
| The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom. |
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| van der Waals interactions |
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Definition
| Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges. |
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Definition
| not (anion: a negatively charged ion) |
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| together; -valent = strength (covalent bond: an attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons) |
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| electricity (electronegativity: the tendency for an atom to pull electrons toward itself) |
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| equal (isotope: an element having the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons) |
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| neither (neutron: a subatomic particle with a neutral electrical charge) |
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| before (proton: a subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge) |
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