Term
| what can potential energy be stored in? |
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Definition
| this can be stored in chemical bonds, as a concentration gradient, or an electrical charge imbalance |
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Term
| what is energy and what sums it up? |
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Definition
| this is the capacity to do work and it is summed up by potential and kinetic energy |
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Term
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Definition
| this is defined as the sum total of these reactions, in a living thing, chemical reactions are occurring all the time |
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Term
| what is an anabolic reaction/what is anabolism? |
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Definition
| this process links simple molecules to form more complex ones |
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Term
| what is a catabolic reaction/what is catabolism? |
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Definition
| this breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones |
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Term
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Definition
| is defined as the sum total of these reactions, in a living thing, chemical reactions are occurring all the time |
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Term
| what is the first law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| what is this law? "energy is neither created nor destroyed" |
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Term
| what is an example of the first law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| example of what? the PE in glucose is converted to PE in ATP and then changed in the kinetic energy to do mechanical work, such as muscle contraction |
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Term
| what is the second law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| what is this law? "disorder tends to increase" |
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Term
| what does it mean: disorder tends to increase? regarding thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| when energy is concerted from one form into another, some of that energy becomes unavailable to do work |
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Term
| it takes what to organize stuff in chemical reactions? |
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Definition
| it takes energy to do what in chemical reactions? |
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Term
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Definition
| usable energy + unusable energy = ? |
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Term
| the total energy change in a system is called? |
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Definition
| enthalpy (delta H) is what? |
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Term
| the usable energy available to do work in a system is called what? |
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Definition
| free energy (delta G) is what? |
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Term
| the unusable energy in a system is called what? |
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Definition
| entropy (delta S) is what? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the symbol for free energy? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the symbol for the unusable energy/entropy? |
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Term
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Definition
| enthalpy is represented by what symbol? |
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Term
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Definition
| G products – G reactants = ? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| if delta G is negative then what does this tell you about the system? |
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Definition
| this tells you that free energy was released |
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Term
| if delta G is positive, what does this tell you about the system? |
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Definition
| this tells you that energy was required and consumed by the system |
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Term
| if a chemical reaction increases entropy what happens? |
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Definition
| what happens to make products more disordered than its reactants? |
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Term
| when there are more products than reactants, what is entropy? |
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Definition
| entropy will always be positive when what relation is btw the products and reactants? |
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Term
| if there are fewer products than reactants, what is entropy? |
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Definition
| entropy will always be negative when there is this relationship btw reactants and products? |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the type of reaction when free energy is released via the breaking complex molecules into simple ones |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the type of reaction when free energy is needed to bond simple molecules into complex ones |
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Term
| in chemical equillibrium, delta G = what? |
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Definition
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Term
| glucose-1-phosphate is converted in the cell to make what? |
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Definition
| glucose-6-phosphate is made from what? |
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Term
| what glucose-1-phosphate and gluocose-6-phosphate are at chemical equillibrium, what is the ratio of molecules? |
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Definition
| .001M concentration vs. .019M concetration is the ration btw what? |
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Term
| what is the role of ATP in biochemical energetics? |
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Definition
| cells rely on this for the capture and transfer of free energy they need to do chemical work |
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Term
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Definition
| adenosine triphosphate is the name for what? |
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Term
| what are 2 reasons that ATP is so useful? |
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Definition
what is this?
it releases a large amount of energy when hydrolyzed
and it can phosphorylate (donate a phosphate group) many different molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| what is this molecule? nitrogenous base adenine bonded to a ribose (sugar) which is attached to 3 phosphate groups |
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Term
| ADP is the abriviation for what? |
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Definition
| adenosine diphosphate is the name for what? |
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Term
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Definition
| what = ADP+ Pi+ free energy (exergonic)? |
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Term
| one mole of ATP creates how much energy? |
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Definition
| this creates -7.3 Kcal/mol |
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Term
| the average person produces and hydrolyzes how much ATP per day? |
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Definition
| what produces 40kg of ATP per day? |
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Term
| what is activation energy? |
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Definition
| this is the energy required to start a reaction? |
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Term
| transition state species are what? |
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Definition
| these are the reactants after being given activation energy- intermediate step in reaction, they have high free energies than either end of the reaction |
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Term
| in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the reactants are called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what the enzyme and substrate are bound, what are they called? |
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Definition
| the enzyme-substrate complex is what? |
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Term
| what are the 3 types of enzyme catalysis? |
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Definition
| these are what? acid-base catalysis: transferring of H+, covalent catalysis: functional group of enzyme attaches covalently, metal ion catalysis: copper or iron etc… |
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Term
| what determines enzyme function? |
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Definition
| molecular structure determines what? |
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Term
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Definition
| this is when an enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate |
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Term
| what 3 things do enzymes sometimes require to help? |
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Definition
| cofactors, coenzymes and phosthetic groups are needed for what? |
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Term
| what happens to the concentration of solution vs. reaction rate graph when concentration increases? |
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Definition
| this graph first increases and then levels off |
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Term
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Definition
| these bind to enzymes, slowing reaction rates down |
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Term
| irreversible inhibition does what? (+ e.g.) |
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Definition
| these permanently alter enzyme (e.g. nerve gas) |
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Term
| what are the 2 reversible inhibitors? |
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Definition
| this are what type of inhibitors? competitive vs. noncompetitive inhibitors |
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Term
| where do competitive inhibitors bind? |
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Definition
| these bind on the active site of the enzyme, stopping reactions |
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Term
| where do noncompetative inhibitors bind? |
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Definition
| these bind somewhere else on the enzyme, changing the shape, stopping reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| the changing shape of an enzyme is called what? |
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Term
| nonallosteric graphs look like what? (concentration vs. reaction rate) |
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Definition
| a logrithmic curve is the graph what? |
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Term
| allosteric graphs (concentration vs. reaction time) looks like what? |
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Definition
| this graph looks like a snake S tilted |
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Term
| what affect enzyme activity? |
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Definition
| pH, temp and concentraion affects what? |
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Term
| in exergonic reactions, what always increases? |
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Definition
| entropy always increases in what type of reaction? |
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Term
| in endergonic reactions, what always increases? |
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Definition
| total energy and free energy always increase in what type of reaction? |
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Term
| what reverses a non-competitive enzyme? |
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Definition
| dissociating the inhibitor from the enzyme does what? |
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Term
| to reverse a competitive inhibitor, what can be done? |
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Definition
| when he substrate concentration increases, this reverses what? |
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Term
| what does cooperativity involve? |
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Definition
| increased binding of ligand in one subunit once a ligand binds another subunit of the same enzyme- this is what? |
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