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| 7 Charateristics of non-living vs. living organsims |
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Definition
1. Cells and organization
2. Energy use and Metabolism
3. Response to environmental changes
4. Regualtion and Homestasis
5. Growth and Development
6. Reproduction
7. Biological Evolution |
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| Organum ( Latin) applied to all living things |
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| Simplest unit of a organsim |
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| Orgaism are made up of cells |
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| Energy is combined with a chemical reaction to breakdown nutrients and catagorize the componets that makeup individule cells and organsims |
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| Adjust to environment for a time period |
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| Regulate body temperature to maintain core temperature |
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Growth= to produce more large cells
Development= charateristics (hieght and eye color) |
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| Dexoyribonucleic Acid is gentic material that is a blueprint for organization, development, and function of living things |
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| Molecular Gene Exspression |
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| RNA - mRNA - Polypetide - Amino Acid sequence |
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Biological Organization
(smallest - largest) |
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| atoms - molecule - cell - tissue - organ - organism - population - community - ecosystem - biosphere |
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| Vertical decent and Horizontal gene transfer |
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Lineage by mutations
(natural selection) |
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From one species to another
(sexually or asexually) |
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| Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya |
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| Eukarya vs. Bacteria and Archea |
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Definition
| Bacteria and Archea ( prokayotic) do not have a nucleas like Eukary ( eukaryotic) |
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Genus species
Panthera onca |
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| The complete gentic makeup of an organism |
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| The complete complement of proteins that a cell or organism can make |
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Definition
proteios (greek)- first rank, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and small etc.
Amino Acids |
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Term
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Definition
| α-carbon atom linked to amino group (NH2 ) and a carboxyl group (COOH) = peptide bond, more than one= polypeptide |
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| 5 Factors critical for protein folding and stability |
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Definition
| Hydrogen Bonds, Ionic bonds/ polar interactions, hydrophobic effect, Van der Waals force, disulfide bridges |
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Definition
| the nature of atoms and molecules with the exception of those that contain rings or chains of carbon |
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| the smallest functional unit of matters that form all chemical substance and that cannot be further broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical or physical means |
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| protons, neutron, electrons |
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| electrons travel within regions surrounding the nucleas in which the probability is high of finding that electron |
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| the number of protins in a atoms nucleas |
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| scale indicates an atom's mass relative to other atoms |
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| what atomic mass is measured |
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| 6.022 X 1023 is equal to one mole of a substance |
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| differ from the original elements number of neutrons |
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| two or more atoms bond together |
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| consists of the chemical sysmbols of all the atoms presents and a subscript tells how many are present in molecule |
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| a molecule with two or more different elements |
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| share a pair of electrons, when outer shells aren't full |
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| measure of its ability to attract electron in a bond from another atom |
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| differences in electronegativity |
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| forms when a hydrogen atom from on polar molecule becomes electrically attracted to an electronegative atom |
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| when a molecule gains of loses a one or more electron it receives a net charge |
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| when cations form with anions |
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| when one substnace combines another to create something new |
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| substances that dissolve in liquid |
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| what the solute is dissolved in |
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| the product of the solute and solvent |
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| solutions that involve water |
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| equal to the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in the molecule |
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| heat required to vaporize 1 mole of substance at its boiling point under standard pressure |
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| the amount heat energy that must be withdrawn or released from a substnace to cause it to change from liquid to the solid state |
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| when water is used to break down a substance |
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| Dehydration/ Condesation reaction |
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Definition
| reaction involvs the removal of a water molecule and the fromation of a covalent bonds between two separate molecules |
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| the release of hydrogen ions in solution |
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| when it completle dissociates in water |
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| carbonic acid, some will remain in the HCO |
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Definition
| lowers the H+ concentration |
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| defined as the negative logarithm to the base 10 of the H+concentration |
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| composed of weak acid and its related base, bicarbonate pathway |
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| linking if many smaller molecules called monmers |
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| composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms |
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combine of two simple sugars
glucose |
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many monosaccahrides form long sugar chains
starch |
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| molecules composed perdominantly of hydrogen and carbon atoms, non-polar, insolubale in water |
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| fatty acid, chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with carboxyl group at the end |
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| carbons are saturated with covalently bound hydrogen |
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| contains one or more fatty acid chain |
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| similar to trigyceride but with a on the third hydroxyl group with a phosphate |
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| composed of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and small amounts of othe elements |
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| building blocks of proteins, the polymer |
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| covalent bond formed between a carboxyl and amino groups |
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| the first structure in the protein, has the defined squence |
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| repeating strucutres in the pattern, creating the folds |
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| the three demnsional shape is the information of the protein |
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| the two or more tertairy sturctures |
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| responsible for the storgae, exspression, and transmissions of gentic information |
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| five carbon sugar= deoxyribose, purine bases, Adenine, Guanine, have double fused rings of nitrogen, and carbon atoms, pyrimidine bases, Cytosine and Thymine |
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