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| transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
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| the scientific study of heredity |
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| An heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower color |
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| Each variant for color, such as purple or white flowers |
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| a form of reproduction that involves fusion of sperm and egg produced by the same individual organism |
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| fusion of sperm and egg derived from two different individuals |
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| referring to the organisms for which sexual reproduction produces offspring with inheirited traits identical to those of the parents; the organisms are homozygous for the characteristics under consideration |
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| offspring of parents of two different species or of different varieties of one species; an offspring of two parents that differ in one or more inherited traits; and individual that is heterzygous for one or more pairs of genes |
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| the mating of two sexually reproducing individuals; often used to describe a genetics experiment involving a controlled mating |
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| the parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies in studies of inheritance; P stands for parental |
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| offspring of two parental individuals (F1 stands for first filial) |
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| the offspring of the F1 generation (F2 stands for second filial) |
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| an experimental mating of individuals differing in a single character |
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| alternative version of a gene |
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| having two identical alleles for a given gene |
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| having two different alleles for a given gene |
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| allele that determines the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene |
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| has no noticeable effect on the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene |
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| a general rule in inheritance (Mendel) that individuals have two alleles for each gene and that when gametes form by meiosis, the two alleles separate, each resulting in gamete ending up with only one allele of each gene; also known as Mendel's first law of inheritance |
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| a diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization |
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| the expressed traits of an organism |
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| the genetic makeup of an organism |
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| the particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome; homologus chromosomes have corresponding gene loci |
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| and experimental mating of individuals differing in two characters |
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| Law of independent assortment |
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| a general rule of inheritance (Mendel) that when gametes form during meiosis, each pair of alleles for a particular characteristic segregate independently of other pairs; also known as Mendel's second law on inheritance |
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| a rule stating that the probability of a compound event is the product of the separate probablilities of the independent events |
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| the probability that an event can occur in two or more alternative ways is the sum of the separate probabilities of the different ways |
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| the version of a character that most commonly occurs in nature |
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| a family genetic tree representing the occurance of the heritable traits in parents and offspring across a number of generations; can be used to determine genotypes of matings that have already occured |
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| a genetic disease that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated |
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| mating between close blood relatives |
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| a form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele; the homozygous condition is lethal |
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| a human genetic disease caused by a single dominate allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms |
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| a technique for diagnosing genetic effects while a fetus is in the uterus; a sample of amniotic fluid, obtained by a needle inserted into the uterus, is analyzed for telltale chemicals and defective fetal cells |
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| techinque for examining a fetus in the uterus; high-frequency sound waves echoing off the fetus are used to produce an image of the fetus |
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| Chorionic villus sampling |
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Definition
| a technique for diagnosing genetic defects while the fetus is in an early development stage within the uterus; a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed and analyzed |
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| type of inheritance in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominate homozygote are indistinguishable |
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| type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two types of homozygotes |
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| genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells; the ABOblood group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O |
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| inheritance pattern in which a heterzygote expresses the distinct traits of both alleles |
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| the control of more than one phenotypic characteristic by a single gene |
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| genetic condition caused by a mutation in the gene for hemoglobin; the mutation causes the protein to crystalize, which deforms res blood cells into a curved shape; such blood cells produce a cascade of symptoms that can be life-threatening |
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| the additive effects of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic characteristic |
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| Chromosome theory of inheritance |
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Definition
| a basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns |
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| genes located near eachother on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together |
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| with respect to two given genes, the number of recombinant progeny from a mating divided by the total number of progeny; recombinant progeny carry combinations of alleles different from those in either of the parents as a result of crossing over during meiosis |
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| a listing of the relative locations of genes along a chromosome, as determined by recombination frequencies |
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| chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female |
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| gene located on a sex chromosome; in humans, the vast majority of sex-linked genes are located on the x-chromosome |
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| a human genetic disease caused by sex-linked recessive alleles; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury |
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| Red-green color blindness |
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| a category of common, sex-linked human disorders involving several genes on the X chromosome; characterized by a malfunction of light-sensitive cells in the eyes; affects mostly males but also homozygous females |
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| Duchenne muscular distrophy |
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Definition
| a human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue |
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