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| the reproduction of a cell through duplication of the genome and division of the cytoplasm |
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| structures that contain most of the cell's DNA |
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| the creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent |
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| creation of genetically unique offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells (gametes), forming a diploid zygote |
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| means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism, often a single cell, divides into two genetically identical individuals of about equal size |
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| fibers composed of roughly equal amounts of DNA and protein molecules |
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| the region of duplicated chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis ***divides at the onset of anaphase during mitosis and anaphase II during meiosis |
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| an ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells |
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| the period in the eukaryoitc cell when the cell is not actually dividing; interphase constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle |
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| the part of the cell cycle when the nucleus divides (via mitosis), its chromosomes are distributed to the daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divides (via cytokinesis), producing two daughter cells |
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| the division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei (mitosis and cytokinesis make up the mitotic phase of the cell cycle) |
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| division of the cytoplasm to form two separate duaghter cells; usually occurs in conjunction with telophase of mitosis (mitosis and cytokinesis make of the mitotic phase of the cell cycle) |
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| 1st stage of mitosis, chromatic condenses for form sister chromatids (structures), visible with light microscope, mitotic spindle begins to form |
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| 2nd stage of mitosis, nuclear envelope fragments and spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids |
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| 3rd stage of mitosis, all cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle |
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| 4th stage of mitosis, begins when sister chromatids separate from eachother and ends when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell |
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| 5th stage of mitosis, during which daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell; usually occurs together with cytokinesis |
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| a football shaped structure formed of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis |
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| material in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives ride to microtubules; important in mitosis and meiosis; also called the microtubule-organizing center |
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| the first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate |
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| a double membrane accross the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis |
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| a protein secreted by body cells that stimulates other cells to divide |
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| Density-dependent inhibition |
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| the ceasing of cell division that occurs when cells touch one another |
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| the requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface |
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| Cell cycle control system |
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| a cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinated events in the eukaryotic cell |
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| an abnormal mass of rapidly growing cells that forms within an otherwise normal tissue |
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| an abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body |
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| an abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; cancerous |
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| the spread of cancer cells beyond their original state |
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| the cancer that originates in the coverings of the body, such as skin or the lining of the intestinal track |
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| cancer of the supportive tissues such as bone, cartilage, and muscle |
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| type of cancer in the blood-forming tissues, characterized by an excessive production of white blood cells and an abnormally high number of them in the blood; cancer of the bone marrow cells that produce leukocytes |
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| cancer of the tissues that form white blood cells |
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| any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell or a cell that develops into a sperm or egg |
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| the two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell; HC are of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern and possess genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci; one HC is inheirited from the organism's father & one from the mother |
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| determines whether or not an individual is male or female |
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| the entire sequence of stages in the life of an organism, from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next |
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| chromosomes not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism; in mammals, for example, any chromosome other than X or Y |
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| in an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing two homologous sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent |
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| sex cell; haploid egg or sperm; the union of two gametes of opposite sex produces a zygote |
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| in the life cycle of an organism that reporduces sexually, a cell containing a single set of chromosomes |
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| the union of the nucleus of a sperm cell with that of an egg cell, producing a zygote |
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| the diploid fertilized egg, which results from the union of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus |
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| A paired set of homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids; tetrads form during prophase 1 of meiosis, when crossing over may occur |
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| the microscopically visible site where crossing over has occured between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis |
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| exchange of segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during synapses in prophase 1 of meiosis; also, the exchange of segments between DNA molecules in prokaryotes |
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| the production, by crossing over and/or independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis, of off-spring with allele combinations different from those in the parents; production by crossing overof eukaryotic or prokaryotic chromosomes with gene combinations different from those in the original chromosome |
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| a display of micrographs of the metphase chromosomes of a cell, arranged by size and centromere position; may be used to identify certain chromosomal abnormalities |
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| human genetic disorder resulting from the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by heart and respiratory defects and varying degrees of mental retardation |
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| an accident of meiosis or mitosis in which a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase |
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| the loss of one or more neucleotides from a gene by mutation; the loss of a fragment of a chromosome |
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| repitition of part of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome; can result from an error in meiosis or from mutagenesis |
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| change in a chromosome resulting from a reattachment of a chromosome fragment to the original chromosome, but in a reverse direction; mutagens and errors during meiosis and cause inversion |
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| 1) During protein synthesis, the movement of a tRNA molecule carrying a growing polypeptide chain from the A site to the P site on a ribosome 2) A change in a chromosome resulting from a chromosomal fragment attaching to a nonhomologous chromosome; can occur as a result of an error in meiosis or from mutagenesis |
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