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All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function inm living things
New cells are produced from existing cells |
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| Has a membrane enclosed nucleus, are larger and more complex, display great variety and have multiple membrane enclosed organelles |
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| Have no membrane enclosed nucleus, have fewer kinds of organelles, are smaller than eukaryotes |
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| membrane enclosed (mostly) with unique and specific functions. "Little organs." |
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| All the liquid and the organelles inside a cell NOT including the cell membrane and nucleus |
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| Only the liquid portion of the cytopalsm |
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| Mambrane bound by the nuclear envelope, contians the cells DNA )most of it). |
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| Also called the nuclear membrane. A bilayer membrane with pores connected to the ER |
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| The DNA in the nucleus before it coils to form the chormosomes. Has protiens associated with it |
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| Chromatin once it condenses and coils right before cell division |
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| Non-membrane bound organelle in the nucleus. Where the assmbly of Ribosomes begins |
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| Made up of 2 sub-units, a large one and a smaller one. The join to make the proteins in the cell. Some are free in the Cytosol and others are in the membrane of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. |
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| Can be smooth, without ribosomes in the membrane or Rough which does have Ribosomes in the nucleus. Rough ER produces proteins (protein synthesis) Smooth makes lipids for cell membranes. Connected to the nuclear pores. |
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| Golgi Complex or Apparatus |
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| Modifies, sorts and packages proteins and other materials produced by the ER for export(leaving the cell) or storage for later use. |
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| Small organeels, called vessicles, with digestive enzymes inside. They breakdown food particles and old organelles. They clean up the cytoplasm of old, unused materials. |
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| Store water, salts (ions), Carbohydrates and proteins for the cells they are in. Rare in animal cells, mostly in plant cells. |
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| The energy producer for the cell. They convert the chemical energy in food to energy the cell can use, ATP. Cells with higher energy needs, like muscle cells, have more than skin cells.Has its own DNA, you get all of them from your mom. |
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| They capture the energy in the sunlight and convert it to chemical energy by photosynthesis. They have Chlorophyl which causes the green color in plants. In plant cells only. |
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| Made up of microtubules and microfilaments. It is a network of proteins which provides the cell with structure and support. |
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| Hollow tube like proteins made with tubulins. Maintain cell shape. Important in cell division. Also, make cilia. |
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| Threadlike proteins mad eof Actin. They form extensive (large and complicated) networks in the cell for structure. Allow Amoebas to move. |
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| In both plant and animal cells. A thin, flexible layer which separates the inside of the cell from the interstitial space. |
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| In plant cells only, around the membrane for support and protection. |
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| A double layered sheet made up of phospholipids which are a fatty acid tail(2) with a phosphate "head" |
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| The mass of a solute (the thing deissolved) in a given amount of solution (usually the liquid). Ex: a sodium solution with 3g of sodium per 2 liters of solution. |
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| When particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Does not require energy output by the cell membrane. |
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| When the concentration of solute is the same on both sides. Even at equalibrium, particles move, in both directions. |
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| The diffusion of water across a selectivly permeable membrane. |
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| Means "same strength" and refers to a solute having the same concentration on both sides of a mambrane. |
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| Hyper means more so thi would be the side with more concentration of a solute like sugar or salt. |
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| Hypo means less so this would be the side with less concentration of a solute like sugar or salt. |
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| The pressure exerted on a mambrane from the side with a higher concentration of a solute. |
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| The movement of larger and/or charged materials across the cell membrane with the assistance of special proteins imbedded in the membrane itself. |
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| Movement of a material across the cell membrane which costs energy. Allows cells to move materials agaainst the concentration gradient. Done by "pumps" in the cell membrane like the sodium/potassium pumps. |
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| The process of taking materials into the cell by a budding inwards which creates a vessicle or food vacuole. Called phagocytosis or pinocytosis. |
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| "Cell eating" a form of endocytosis or the process of taking materials into a cell. |
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| "Cell drinking" a form of endocytosis where the cell takes in liquid needed by the cell by forming a vessicle or vacuole. |
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| The opposite of cell eating or drinking. This is the cell getting rid of wastes at the cell membrane. |
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| How cells in an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks. |
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| The lowest level is cells and increases in size as it goes up: cells-tissues-organs-organ systems |
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| Similar cells, which perform a similar function, join together to form a tissue. Ex: muscle or skin |
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| Many groups of tissues work together to form an organ. Ex: liver |
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| All the organs which have a similar, combined function. Ex: digestive system |
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