Term
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Definition
| the process of taking in a using food |
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Term
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Definition
| the selection, acquisition, and ingestion of food |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking down food mechanically & chemically |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which nutrients pass from digestive tract into blood |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which undigested, unabsorbed food is discharged |
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Term
| What is different about a gastrovascular cavity compared to our "tube-like" digestive system? |
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Definition
-only one way & one opening
-serves as both a mouth and anus |
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Term
| Describe the digestive system of complex invertebrates and vertebrates |
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Definition
-the digestive tract is a complete tube with an opening at each end
-as food passes through the tube digestion takes place
-parts of the digestive tract are specialized to perform specific functions ( |
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Term
| What specialized features do earthworms and birds have to aid in digestion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the mouth aid in for digestion? |
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Definition
| mechanical & enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates |
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Term
| What are the incisors specialized for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the canines specialized for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the premolars/molars specialized for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the outermost layer of the tooth called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the majority of the tooth made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the soft connective tissue below the dentin called and what does it contain? |
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Definition
| -pulp cavity: contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves |
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Term
| How many pairs of salivary glands do humans have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the enzyme secreted from the salivary glands that digests starch called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the pharynx and the esophagus? |
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Definition
| to carry food to the stomach |
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Term
| What is peristalsis and how does in aid in human digestion? |
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Definition
-waves of muscular contraction
-pushes a bolus of food along the digestive tract |
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Term
| How does the stomach digest food? |
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Definition
| by mechanical digestion of vigorous churning and enzymatic digestion by pepsin |
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Term
| What are rugae and how do they help in digestion? |
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Definition
-folds in the stomach wall
-expand as stomach fills with food |
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Term
| What do gastric glands secrete? |
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Definition
-hydrochloric acid
-pepsinogen (precursor of pepsin) |
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Term
| What cells secrete hydrochloric acid? |
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Definition
| parietal cells in the gastric glands |
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Term
| What cells secrete pepsinogen? |
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Definition
| chief cells in the gastric glands |
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Term
| What is a precursor to pepsin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a soup of partly digested food from the stomach |
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Term
| What does chyme leave the stomach to enter the small intestine through? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the location of most enzymatic digestion? |
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Definition
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Term
| As well as producing its own digestive enzymes, from where else does the duodenum receive secretions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the inner space of the digestive tract called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the innermost layer of the digestive tract called? |
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Definition
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Term
| From inside to outside, name the 4 layers of the digestive tract. |
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Definition
| mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer, visceral peritoneum |
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Term
| What organ produces bile? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organ concentrates and releases bile as needed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of bile? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the pancreas? |
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Definition
| to secrete both digestive enzymes and hormones that help regulate the level of glucose in the blood |
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Term
| Name all the pancreatic enzymes and their functions. |
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Definition
-trypsin & chymotrypsin-digest polypeptides to dipeptides
-pancreatic lipase-degrades fats after they have been emulsified by the bile
-pancreatic amylase-breaks down almost all types of complex carbs, except cellulose, to disaccharides
-ribonuclease & deoxyribonuclease-split the nucleic acids RNA and DNA to free nucleotides |
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Term
| What three structures are considered secondary digestive organs? |
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Definition
| -liver, pancreas, gallbladder |
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Term
| What are the four main parts of the large intestine? |
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Definition
| -cecum, colon, rectum, & anus |
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Term
| What is the main function of the large intestine? |
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Definition
-to eliminate undigested wastes
-to incubate bacteria that produce vitamin K & B vitamins (in appendix & cecum) |
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Term
| What are the four parts of the colon? |
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Definition
-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon |
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Term
| What enzymes break polysaccharides down to disaccharide maltose? |
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Definition
| salivary & pancreatic amylases |
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Term
| What enzyme splits maltose into glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the splitting of maltose into glucose occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 enzymes split proteins into short polypeptides? |
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Definition
-pepsin in the stomach
-proteolytic enzymes in pancreatic juice (trypsin & chymotrypsin) |
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Term
| What enzymes split small peptides into amino acids and where does this occur? |
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Definition
| -dipeptidases in the small intestine |
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Term
| What enzyme hydrolyzes lipids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structural adaptations increase the surface area of the digestive tract? |
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Definition
-rugae: folds in the wall
-villi: projections of mucosa
-microvilli: plasma membrane projections of epithelial cells of villi |
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Term
| What structure transports amino acids and glucose to the liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the muscle that holds the intestines together called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What carry nutrients from the small intestine to the hepatic portal vein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What carry nutrients from the small intestine to the hepatic portal vein? |
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Definition
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Term
| To what organ are all nutrients from the small intestine taken? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are nutrients absorbed? |
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Definition
| through thin walls of intestinal villi |
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Term
| How are lipids absorbed and transported? |
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Definition
1) fatty acids and monoacylglycerols enter epithelial cells in the intestinal lining
2) fatty acids and monoacylglycerols are reassembled into triacylglycerols
3) triacylglycerols are packaged into chylomicron droplets
4) chylomicrons are transported via the lymphatic system to blood circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| protein-covered fat droplets that contain cholesterol & phospholipids |
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Term
| What compounds are the main source of energy in animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| The concentration of what is carefully regulated in the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is excess glucose stored as and where? |
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Definition
| stored as glycogen in the liver |
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Term
| What is an over excess of glucose converted to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are lipids used for in the body? |
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Definition
-provide energy
-form components of cell membranes
-synthesize steroid hormones (estrogen & testosterone) and other lipid substances |
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Term
| What are most lipids ingested as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are fatty acids converted to and why is this important in the body? |
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Definition
| acetyl coenzyme A which enters the citric acid cycle |
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Term
| What are excess fatty acids converted to? |
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Definition
| triacylglycerol, which is stored as fat |
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Term
| What are the large molecular complexes that lipids are transported as called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of lipoproteins? |
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Definition
-low density lipoproteins (LDLs)
-high density lipoproteins (HDLs) |
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Term
| What type of lipoproteins deliver cholesterol to cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of lipoproteins collect excess cholesterol from the heart and transport it to the liver? |
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Definition
| high-density lipoproteins |
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Term
| Why are proteins so important to the human body? |
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Definition
-they serves as enzymes & essential structural components of cells
-contain essential amino acids (amino acids our bodies don't make) |
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Term
| What happens if there is an excess amount of amino acids? |
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Definition
| they are deaminated by liver cells |
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Term
| What occurs in deamination of amino acids by the liver cells? |
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Definition
-amino groups are converted to urea (which is excreted in urine)
-remaining keto acids are either: 1) converted to carbs & used as fuel 2) converted to lipid and stored in fat cells |
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Term
| What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)? |
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Definition
| the body's cost of metabolic living at resting position |
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Term
| What is total metabolic rate? |
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Definition
| BMR + energy used to carry on daily activites |
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Term
| What are 2 forms of malnutrition? |
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Definition
| undernutrition and overnutrition |
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Term
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Definition
-causes fatigue
-depresses the immune function
-there is a deficient amount of amino acids, which causes the degradation of muscles and can causes severe bloating from degradation of mesentery |
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