Term
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Definition
difficulty in producing or comprehending speech not caused by deafness or a simple motor deficit;
caused by brain damage |
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Definition
| a form of aphasia characterized by agrammatism, anomia and extreme difficulty in speech articulation |
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Definition
| a preposition, article or other word that conveys little of the meaning of a sentence but is important in specifying its grammatical structure |
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Definition
| a noun, verb, adjective or adverb that conveys meaning |
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Definition
| a region of the frontal cortex, located just rostral to the base of the L PMC, that is necessary for normal speech production |
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Definition
one of the usual symptoms of Broca's Aphasia;
a difficulty in comprehending or properly employing grammatical devices, such as verb endings or word order |
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Definition
difficulty in finding (remembering) the appropriate word to describe an object, action or attribute;
one of the symptoms of aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of the auditory association cortex on the L temporal lobe of humans, which is important in the comprehension of words & the production of meaningful speech |
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Definition
| a form of aphasia characterized by poor speech comprehension & fluent but meaningless speech |
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Term
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Definition
the ability to hear, to speak & (usually) to read & write w/o being able to comprehend the meaning of speech;
caused by damage to Wernicke's area or disruption of auditory input to this region |
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Term
| Transcortical Sensory Aphasia |
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Definition
a speech disorder in which a person has difficulty comprehending speech & producing meaningful, spontaneous speech but can repeat speech;
caused by damage to the region of the brain posterior to Wernicke's area |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to name body parts or identify body parts that another person names |
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Definition
a bundle of axons that connects Wernicke's area w/ Broca's area;
damage causes conduction aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
| an aphasia characterized by an inability to repeat words that are heard but the ability to speak normally & comprehend the speech of others |
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Definition
| a strategy by which people w/ anomia find alternative ways to say something when they are unable to think of the most appropriate word |
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Definition
the use of changes in intonation & emphasis to convey meaning in speech besides that specified by a particular word;
an important means of communication of emotion |
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Definition
| a mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled & that serves no useful function |
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Definition
a cancerous tumor;
lacks a distinct border & may metastasize |
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Definition
a noncancerous tumor;
has distinct border & cannot metasstasize |
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Definition
| the process by which cells break off of a tumor, travel through the vascular system & grow elsewhere in the body |
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Definition
| a cancerous brain tumor composed of one of several types of glial cells |
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Definition
| a benign brain tumor composed of the cells that constitute the meninges |
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Definition
| a violent sequence of unconrollable muscular mvmts caused by a seizure |
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Term
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Definition
| a seizure that begins at a focus & remains localized, not generalizing to the rest of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a seizure that involves most of the brain, as contrasted w/ a partial seizure, which remains localized |
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Term
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Definition
| a partial seizure, starting from a focus & remaining localized, that does not produce loss of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| a partial seizure, starting from a focus & remaining localized, that produces loss of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| a generalized, tonic-clonic seizure, which results in a convulsion (grand mal) |
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Term
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Definition
| a sensation that precedes a seizure; its exact nature depends on the location of the seizure focus |
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Definition
| the 1st phase of a tonic-clonic seizure, in which all of the pt.’s skeletal muscles are contracted |
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Definition
| the phase of a tonic-clonic seizure in which the pt. shows rhythmic jerking movements |
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Definition
| a type of seizure d/o often seen in children; characterized by periods of inattention, which are not subsequently remembered; also called petit mal seizure |
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Definition
| a condition in which a pt. undergoes a series of seizures w/o regaining consciousness |
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Definition
| a CVA caused by the rupture of a cerebral blood vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| a CVA caused by occlusion of a blood vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| the interruption of the blood supply to a region of the body |
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Definition
| a blood clot that forms w/in a blood vessel, which may occlude it |
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Definition
| a piece of matter (such as a blood clot, fat or bacterial debris) that dislodges from its site of origin & occludes an artery; in the brain an embolis can lead to a stroke |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease that occurs rarely & is not obviously caused by heredity or an infectious agent |
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Term
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Definition
abnormal circular structures w/ a dense core consisting of alpha-synuclein;
found in the cytoplasm of nigrostriatal neurons in people w/ Parkinson's |
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Term
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Definition
a protein normally found in the presynaptic membrane, where it is apparently involved in synaptic plasticity;
abnormal accumulations are apparently the cause of of neural degeneration in Parkinson's |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that attaches itself to faulty or misfolded proteins & thus targets them for destruction by proteasomes |
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Term
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Definition
an inherited disorder that causes degeneration of the basal ganglia;
characterized by progressively more severe uncontrollable jerking movements, writhing movements, dementia & finally death |
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Term
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Definition
progressive deterioration of intellectual faculties, such as memory, concentration & judgment, resulting from an organic disease or a disorder of the brain;
sometimes accompanied by emotional disturbance & personality changes;
a loss of cognitive abilities such as memory, perception, verbal ability & judgement;
common causes are multiple strokes & Alzheimer's |
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Term
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Definition
a degenerative brain d/o of unknown origin;
causes progressive memory loss, motor deficits & eventual death |
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Term
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Definition
involved in Alzheimer's;
an extracellular deposit containing a dense core of beta-amyloid protein surrounded by degenerating axons & dendrites & activated microglia & reactive astrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein found in excessive amounts in the brains of patients w/ Alzheimer's |
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Definition
involved in Alzheimer's;
a dying neuron containing intracellular accumulations of twisted filaments of tau protein that formerly served the cell's internal skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that normally serves as a component of microtubules, which provide the cell's transport mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
sx of PD;
rhythmic & involuntary shaking of a part of the body |
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Term
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Definition
sx of PD;
slowness in mvmt;
slowness of execution of fine motor mvmt (handwriting, buttoning buttons or bathing) |
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Term
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Definition
sx of PD;
tightness & stiffness in the joints causing discomfort & pain |
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Term
| Loss of Postural Reflexes |
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Definition
sx of PD;
poor balance or loss of postural reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
pathological changes to cerebral cortex;
deficits include memory disorders, aphasias, agnosias & apraxias;
ex - Alzheimer's, frontal lobe dementias, Creutzfeldt-Jakob |
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Term
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Definition
dysfunction of brain regions primarily below cortex;
Bradyphrenia, attn/concentration disturbance, executive dysfunction;
marked frontal dysfunction "frontal-subcortical";
psychiatric features such as: apathy, depression or personality changes;
ex - vascular dementia, HIV/AIDS, MS, PD, HD |
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Term
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Definition
severe degeneration of cortical areas such as hippocampus, entorhinal cortex & frontal/temporal lobes;
hallmark of AD is impaired episodic memory (anterograde) |
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Term
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Definition
| a serious mental d/o characterized by disordered thoughts, delusions, hallucinations & often bizzarre behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
a sx of schizophrenia evident by its presence;
delusions, hallucinations or thoughts d/o |
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Term
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Definition
| disorganized, irrational thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief that is clearly in contradiction to reality |
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Term
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Definition
| perception of a non-existent object or event |
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Definition
a sx of schizophrenia characterized by the absence of behaviors that are normally present;
social withdrawal, lack of affect, reduced motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| a sx of schizophrenia characterized by cognitive difficulties such as deficits in learning & memory, poor abstract thinking & poor problem solving |
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Definition
| suggests that the positive sx of schizophrenia are caused by overactivity of synapses btwn dopaminergic neurons of the VTA & neurons in the NA and amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
| the increased incidence of schizophrenia in ppl born during late winter/early spring |
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Term
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Definition
decreased activity of the prefrontal cortex;
believed to be responsible for the negative sx of schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
a serious mood d/o;
includes unipolar depression & bipolar d/o |
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Term
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Definition
| a serious mood disorder characterized by cyclical pds of mania & depression |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
| a serious mood d/o that consists of unremitting depression or pds. of depression that do not alternate w/ periods of mania |
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Term
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Definition
a class of drugs used to treat depression;
inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine & serotonin but also affects other neurotransmitters;
named for the molecular structure |
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Term
| Specific Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) |
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Definition
| an antidepressant drug that specifically inhibits the reuptake of serotonin w/o affecting the reuptake of other neurotransmitters |
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Term
| Serotonin & Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI) |
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Definition
| an antidepressant drug that specifically inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine & serotonin w/o affecting the reuptake of other neurotransmitters |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy |
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Definition
a brief electrical shock, applied to the head, that results in an electrical seizure;
used therapeutically to alleviate sx of depression |
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Term
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Definition
a chemical element;
lithium carbonate is used to treat bipolar d/o |
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Term
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Definition
| a hypothesis that states that depression is caused by a low level of activity of 1 or more monoaminergic synapses |
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Term
| Tryptophan Depletion Procedure |
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Definition
| a procedure involving a low-tryptophan diet & a tryptophan-free amino acid "cocktail" that lowers brain tryptophan & consequently decreases the synthesis of 5HT |
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Term
| Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex (subgenual ACC) |
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Definition
a region of the medial prefrontal cortex located below the "knee" at the front of the corpus callosum;
plays a role in the sx of depression |
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Term
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Definition
| a d/o characterized by episodic periods of sx such as: shortness of breath, irregular heart beat, & other autonomic sx, accompanied by intense fear |
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Term
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Definition
a fear of having a panic attack;
may lead to development of agoraphobia;
"fear of fear" |
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Term
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Definition
the surgical destruction of the cingulum bundle, which connects the prefrontal cortex w/ the limbic system;
helps to reduce intense anxiety & the sx of OCD |
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Term
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Definition
| destroys internal capsule (connects caudate nucleus with medial PFC) (for OCD) |
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Term
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Definition
| a general, imprecise term that can refer either to a stress response or to a stressor ( |
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Term
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Definition
a species-typical response preparatory to fighting or fleeing;
thought to be responsible for some of the deleterious effects of stressful situations on health |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a group of hormones of the adrenal cortex that are impt in protein & carbohydrate metabolism, secreted especially in times of stress |
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Term
| Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) |
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Definition
| a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
a hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to CRH;
stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal or reduction of an aversive stimulus that is contingent on a particular response, w/ an attendant increase in the frequency of that response |
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Term
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Definition
the fact that increasingly lg. doses of drugs must be taken to achieve a particular effect;
caused by compensatory mechanisms that oppose the effect of the drug |
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Term
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Definition
the appearance of symptoms of sx opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is suddenly no longer taken;
caused by the presence of compensatory mechanisms |
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