Term
|
Definition
smooth electrical activity of 8 - 12 Hz recorded from the brain;
generally associated w/ a state of relaxation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
irregular electrical activity of 13 - 30 Hz recorded from the brain;
generally associated w/ a state of arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EEG activity of 3.5 - 7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during the early stages of slow-wave sleep & REM sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain;
occurs w/ the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-REM sleep;
characterized by synchronous EEG activity during its deepest stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep;
at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements & paralysis occurs;
also called paradoxical sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cessation of breathing while sleeping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis & hypnagogic hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a sx of narcolepsy;
an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakes feeling refreshed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a sx of narcolepsy;
complete paralysis that occurs during waking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a sx of narcolepsy
complete paralysis that occurs just before a person falls asleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a sx of narcolepsy
vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep;
accompanied by sleep paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a peptide, aka hypocretin, produced by neurons whose cell bodes are located in the hypothalamus;
their destruction causes narcolepsy |
|
|
Term
| REM Sleep Behavior Disorder |
|
Definition
| neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep & thus acts out their dreams |
|
|
Term
| Sleep-Related Eating Disorder |
|
Definition
disorder in which the person leaves his/her bed & eats foods while sleep walking;
usually w/o a memory for the episode the next day;
slow-wave sleep disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the increased freq. or intensity of phenomenon after it has been temporarily suppressed;
example - the increase of REM sleep seen after a pd. of REM sleep deprivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a neuromodulator that is release by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity; may a primary role in the initiation of sleep;
caffeine blocks this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NOREPINEPHRINE;
a dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the 4th ventricle;
involved in arousal & vigilance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SEROTONIN;
a group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons & midbrain;
situated along the midline;
contain serotonergic neurons |
|
|
Term
| Tuberomammillary Neucleus |
|
Definition
HISTAMINE;
a nucleus in ventral posterior hypothalamus, just rostral to mammillary bodies contains hisaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation & behavioral arousal |
|
|
Term
| Ventrolateral Preoptic Area (VLPOA) |
|
Definition
| a group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness & behavioral arousal & promotes sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a region of the dorsal pons, just ventral to the locus coeruleus that forms the REM-ON portion of the REM sleep flip-flop |
|
|
Term
| Ventrolateral Periaquductual Gray Matter |
|
Definition
| a region of the dorsal midbrain that forms the REM-OFF portion of the REM sleep flip-flop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus (usually light of dawn) that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythm |
|
|
Term
| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
|
Definition
a nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm;
contains a biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of the body's circadian rhythms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit info to the SCN, the thalamus & the olivary pretectal nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a gland attached to the dorsal tectum;
produces melatonin & plays a role in the circadian & seasonal rhythms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body;
plays a role in circadian & seasonal rhythms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning to recognize a particular stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Stimulus-Response Learning |
|
Definition
learning to automatically make a particular response in the presence of a particular stimulus;
includes classical & instrumental conditioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a learning procedure;
when stimulus that initially produces no particular response is followed several times by an unconditional stimulus (UCS) that produces a defensive or appetitive response (UCR), the first stimulus (now CS) itself evokes the response (now CR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the hypothesis proposed that the cellular basis of learning involves strengthening of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires;
"neurons that fire together wire together" |
|
|
Term
| Instrumental Conditioning |
|
Definition
a learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of the behavior;
AKA operant conditioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning to make a new response |
|
|
Term
| Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) |
|
Definition
| a long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity of that input |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an impt part of the limbic sys;
includes the hippocampus proper (Ammon's horn), dentate gyrus & subiculum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an evoked potential that represents the EPSPs of a population of neurons;
measurement;
size of population EPSP indicates the strength of the synaptic connections before LTP has taken place |
|
|
Term
| Associative Long-Term Potentiation |
|
Definition
| a long-term potentiation in which concurrent stimulation of weak & strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions;
involved in long-term potentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that blocks NMDA receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an AP that occurs in the dendrite of some types of pyramidal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel;
when open, it produces EPSPs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a long-term decrease in in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized;
opposite of Hebb Rule |
|
|
Term
| Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) |
|
Definition
a group of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain whose axons form the mesolimbic & mesocortical systems;
plays a critical role in reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a nucleus of the basal forebrain near the septum;
rcvs dopamine-secreting terminal buttons from neurons of the ventral tegmental area & is thought to be involved in reinforcement & attention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amnesia for events that occur after some disturbance to the brain, such as head injury or certain degenerative brain diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amnesia for events that preceded some disturbance to the brain such as head injury or electroconvulsive shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage, usually resulting from chronic alcoholism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memory for events in a person's past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
memory whose formation does not depend on the hippocampal formation;
a collective term for perceptual, stimulus-response & motor memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory of a collection of perception of events organized in time & identified by a particular context |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a memory of facts & general info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a nucleus of the amygdala that rcvs sensory info from the neocortex, thalamus & hippocampus and sends projections to the basal, accessory basal and central nucleus of the amygdala;
contains the vmPFC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the region of the amygdala that rcvs info from the basal, lateral & accessory basal nuclei and sends projections to a wide variety of regions in the brain;
involved in emotional responses;
stimulation elicits fear & agitation;
provoked by aversive/threatening stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Emotional Response |
|
Definition
a classically conditioned response that occurs when a neutral stimulus is followed an aversive stimulus;
usually includes autonomic, behavior & endocrine components, such as changes in HR, freezing & secretion of stress-related hormones;
can be unlearned |
|
|
Term
| Ventralmedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC) |
|
Definition
the region of the PFC at the base of the anterior frontal lobes adjacent to the midline;
plays an inhibitory role in the expression of emotions;
involved w/ analysis of social situations, social judgment & behavior |
|
|
Term
| Volitional Facial Paresis |
|
Definition
difficulty moving the facial muscles voluntarily;
caused by damage to the face-region of the PMC or subcortical connections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lack of mvmt of facial muscles in response to emotions in ppl who have no difficulty moving these muscles voluntarily;
caused by damage to the insular PFC, subcortical white matter of the frontal lobe or parts of the thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theory of emotion that suggests that behaviors & physiological responses are directly elicited by situations & that feelings of emotions are produced by feedback from these behaviors & responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short bursts of 12 - 14 hz waves that occur during stage 2 (theta activity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sudden sharp wavs that occur about 1x/min;
can be triggered w/ noise;
occurs w/ stage 2 sleep, theta activity |
|
|
