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monkeys, apes, and humans
characteristics: larger brain, binocular vision, improved manual dexterity, enclosed eye socket |
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old world monkeys, apes, and humans
-Africa and Asia (except humans)
-characteristics: 2-1-2-3, more complex brains, variety of locomotor patterns and behaviors |
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| Superfamily: cercopithecoidea; family cercopithecidae |
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| Superfamily: Cercopithecoidea |
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| -characteristics: found in Africa and Asia, 2-1-2-3, narrow nose/palate, Ischial callosities, some species terrestrial, some adapted to temperate climates |
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| Africa and Asia, arboreal adaptations, stubby thumbs (africa), med size, folivory common, ruminant-like stomachs (like a cow), longer, hing legs, long tails, "Leaf Monkeys" |
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| Subfamily: Cercopithacinae |
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| Some terrestrial adaptations, many arboreal, largest monkeys (mandrill), sexual dimorphism, cheek pouches, simple stomachs, shorter tails, used as models for psychology (baboons) |
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| Terrestrial quadrupedalism |
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| baboons, mandrils, patas monkeys |
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| shearing of leaves (pointy teeth that intersect) |
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| new world monkeys; ~70 species, prehensile tails, broad noses, arboreal, three premolars |
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platyrrhines; ~70 species, prehensile tails, broad noses, arboreal, three premolars
central and south armerica
-The "rafting" hypothesis |
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| Callitrichidae (tamarins and marmosets) |
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| small, claws, polyandrous |
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marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, squirrel monkeys
characteristics: 2-1-3-3 or 2-1-3-2, form social groups, diurnal, complex behaviors |
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Genus: Aotus
-"night monkey", 8 species, nocturnal, poorly studied, omnivorous, shown some resistance to malaria |
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Cebidae, callitrichinae
marmosets and tamarins: small, claws, polyandrous |
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Family--Aelidae
Atelids: larger body, prehinsile tails, diverse diets |
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-Live mostly in tropics
-order includes humans and ancestors
-majority are arboreal |
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-enhanced tough
-enhanced vision (color/stereoscopic vision)
-reduced sense of smell (reduced muzzle)
-generalized diet
-precision grip |
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-generalized diet
-mostly omnivores (evolutionary strength) |
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-prolonged care for infants
-prolonged infant dependancy
-long birth interval
-increased socialization
-learning molds behavior
-live in social groups |
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-all primates have opposable thumbs
-precision grip
-can manipulate fine objects |
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| All primates have opposable toes, except humans |
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-litters (lots of offspring)
-little or no involvement in offspring |
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-Primates
-heavy parental investment
-few offspring |
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-order of half of half of jaw
-number of incisors-canines-premolars-molars |
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| Homo (italicized and Capitalized) |
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| sapiens (italicized and no capitol s) |
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| Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates, originating from an adaptive radiation of mammals |
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| a plesiadapiform genus from the Paleocene, probably ancestral to the Eocene euprimates |
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| A separate order of early primate ancestors from the Paleocene, such as the plesiadapiforms |
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| the first true primates from the Eocene: the tarsierlike omomyids and the lemurlike adapids |
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| euprimates of the Eocene that were likely anestral to modern lemurs and possibly ancestral to anthropoids |
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| Eoocene euprimates that may be ancestral to tarsiers |
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| a genus of very small basal anthropoids from the Eocene |
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| Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids |
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| begins the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs |
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| the primate, apidiumm, was found here. American paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborne found the primate fossil |
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| a genus of early Miocene proconsulids from Africa, ancestral to catarrhines |
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-early Miocene apes found in europe
-found in Pakistan
-70-150 pounds in size
-head like orangutans (rest of body like not) |
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| Gigantopithecus (italics) |
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| a genus of Miocene pongids from asia; the largest primate that ever lived |
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-23 mya was split between monkeys and apes
-adaptive radiation of apes
-30 gen
-over 100 species |
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Set of learned behaviors among primates
-specific to a group
-tool use and behavior
-observed in chimps, capuchins, and macaques |
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Primates groom themselves and members of the social group
-hygiene
-social bonding
-mating |
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-delineat territories
-intimidate outsiders
-specific alarm calls
-defensive
-can not convey abstract ideas |
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| Primitive characteristics |
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-or ancestral traits
-characteristics present in multiple species (ex: opposable thumbs) |
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-characteristics present in only one or a few species
-can be specialized
(ex: human bipedalism) |
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The proposition that primates' unique suite of traits is an adaptation to living in trees
-Sir Grafton Elliot Smith and Frederic Wood Jones
-explained primate characteristics |
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Angiosperm Hypothesis
-flowering plants and fruit appear in the early Cenozoic
-early primates exploited this food resource |
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-group activities (males)
-"crazes"
-organized
-occasionally share meat |
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| hammer rocks, bug "fishing" |
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| one male, multi-femalre (gorillas) |
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| one female, multi-male (marmosets, tamarins) |
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| not usually for life (gibbons, siamangs) |
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associated with multimale, multifemale groups
-ex: squirrel monkeys: groups of males will leave the group and come back |
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| female and her offspring (lorises, orangutans) |
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| behavior of an animal that benefits another at its own expense |
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primates groom themselves and members of the social group
-hygiene
-social bonding
-mating |
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| killing an infant usually to assert control or dominance within a group |
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| aggressive interactions within a social group that create a ranking within the group |
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Social complexity is related to brain size
-larger brain=greater group size
-the "monkeysphere"
-maximum of 150 friendships |
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