Term
| Different types of Mammals |
|
Definition
Metatheria- mammals that reproduce w/out a placenta, including marsupials
Prototheria- Mammals that reproduce by egg-laying, then nursing young. Platypus and Echidna are only living monotremes
Eutheria- Mammals that reproduce w/ placenta & uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strepsirhini- includes prosimians(suborder Prosimii that includes lemurs, lorises, galagos, tarsiers)EXCLUDING TARSIERS
Haplorhini- Anthropoids (Anthropoidea-monkeys,apes,hominins) and the tarsier |
|
|
Term
| Primate Evolution Theories/Hypothesi |
|
Definition
Arboreal Theory-primates evolved from ground dwelling insectivores that moved to trees and developed grasping hands and feet, binocular vision (but squirrels also live in trees; not primates)
-->Visual Predation Hypothesis- Matt Cartmill, 1972- Orbital convergence, grasping extremities, and nails evolved together for visually directed predation of small prey on terminal/slender branches (but fruit eating primates exist)
--> Co-Evolution Hypothesis- Robert Sussman, 1991- grasping extremities and nails evolved for eating fruit on terminal branches of angiosperms |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical Traits of All Primates |
|
Definition
Generalized Body Plan- no extremely specialized designs
Grasping Hands w/ Opposable Thumbs/Toes
Flattened Nails
Forward Facing Eyes w/ Stereoscopic Vision
Generalized Teeth- combination eaters (dental arcade, 2-1-2-3)
Petrosal Bulla- "ear bone"- ALL primates and NO other mammals have it |
|
|
Term
| Primate Life History Traits |
|
Definition
-Single Offspring-investment of time and energy in small # of babies development
-Large Brains- increase in volume of NEOCORTEX (controls higher cognitive function; cerebrum)
-Extended Ontogeny- long life= importance of social groups and childhood--> complex skills from years of practice |
|
|
Term
| Primate Behavioral Traits |
|
Definition
-Activity-nocturnal (many strepsirhines) v. diurnal (need for color vision, visual communication)
-Sociality- characteristic of group living (haplorhine primate behavior) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strepsirhines Haplorhines
Prosimians/Anthropoids
Lemurs,galagos new/old,apes,hum
lorisers tarsiers (ceboid,
cercopith.
hominoid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-South America- Uakiri, Murigui, Golden Lion Tamarin
-Africa- Chimps, gorillas, lorises, baboons, galagos, debrazza's guenon, lemurs
-India- lorises,macaque, hanuman langurs
-Asia- Golden snub-nosed monkeys
-SE Asia- gibbons
-SE/Pacific Asia- Tarsier, Orangutans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Infraorder:Platyrrhini(flat noses)/Ceboids
-small body size (largest 25 lbs)
-3 premolars (2-1-3-3)
-Arboreality- no primarily terrestrial species, some have prehensile tails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Catarrhini(downward facing nostrils)/Cercopithecoids
-ischial callosities:thick skinned butts
-bilophodont molars-double ridged molars
-Greater size range(~2-70 lbs)
-some have more sexual dimorphism
Subfamilies:
-Colobines- leaf monkeys, langurs, odd-nosed monkeys of Asia
-semi chambered stomach like cows can digest cellulose laden foods in the foregut
-allows them to live in high density pop. where there's little edible food for other species
-infanticide
-Colobus of Africa- macaques, baboons, guenons, drills, mangabeys, patas monkeys
-cheek pouches
-some estrus- time of sexual receptivity/fertility
-more pronounced sexual dimorphism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Apes and humans: Superfamily Hominoidea
SubFamilies:
-Hylobatidae (lesser apes)
-Pongidae (great apes)
-Hominin-humans, past or present
Traits:
-exaggerated haplorhine traits
-rotating shoulder for brachiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gibbons/ Genus Hylobates-
-frugivorous
- ~10-25 lbs
-rain forest canopy
-pair bonds/high socially monogamous
Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus):
-solitary
-rain forests Borneo/Sumatra
-extreme sexual dimorphism
Gorillas:
-largest primates
-extreme sexual dimorphism
- |
|
|
