Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of kinetic energy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Energy stored from location or structure (chemical energy). |
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Term
| What is the source of most cellular energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| The sun provides most ___________ energy. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The study of energy transformation and transfer in matter. |
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Term
| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but it can be transferred and transformed. |
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Term
| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| No energy transfer is 100% efficient. |
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Term
| Why is energy transfer not 100% efficient? |
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Definition
| Some is lost as heat through the random movement of atoms/molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of disorder or randomness in the universe as a result of the loss of unusable energy. |
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Term
| What results from the loss of energy through heat? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Energy of a system available to do work. |
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Term
| What is the symbol for free energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the symbol for a change of free energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a change in free energy? |
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Definition
| Rolling an object up a hill to have a higher free energy, rolling an object down a hill to have lower free energy. |
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Term
| What spectrum may free energy be defined by? |
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Definition
| Negative or positive free energy. |
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Term
| Give an example of a negative change in free energy |
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Definition
| Rolling an object down a hill. |
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Term
| Give an example of a positive change in free energy |
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Definition
| Rolling an object up a hill. |
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Term
| What are two types of chemical reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the formula for change in free energy? |
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Definition
| Total G - (Temperature x change in G) |
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Term
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Definition
| "Energy out," reactants have more energy than products. |
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Term
| What is an example of an exergonic reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "Energy in," products have more energy than reactants. |
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Term
| What is an example of an endergonic reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does energy flow in the environment? |
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Definition
| In one direction, from the sun to the plants to the consumers until it is lost as heat. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exchange of inorganic material into organic material. |
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Term
| What are examples of things that enter the Nutrient Cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The entire set of chemical reactions occurring within an organism |
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Term
| What are two types of metabolic reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Breaking down molecules, which releases energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Building up molecules, which requires energy |
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Term
| What do cells do with exergonic and endergonic reactions? |
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Definition
| They use exergonic reactions to power endergonic reactions |
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Term
| What are the two types of cellular energy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of ATP bonds? |
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Definition
| - High potential energy is stored within unstable phosphate bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of energy level is offered by APP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of APP in action? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of energy do cells largely use? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules, usually proteins, that act as biological catalysts |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
- Change the free energy.
- Consume itself so it may not be used again. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reactant an enzyme acts on. |
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Term
| What is the symbol for activation energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are enzymes specific to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of an enzyme reacting? |
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Definition
| Lactase + lactose > galactose + glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| The place on an enzyme where it binds to a substrate. |
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Term
| What comprises the Active Site? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A change in the shape of the active site by the entrance of a substrate so that the enzyme and substrate bind more snugly. |
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Term
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Definition
| No, they change shape slightly to fit the substrate. |
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Term
| What happens as a result of Induced Fit? |
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Definition
| It makes the reaction more efficient and quick. |
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Term
| What can Induced fit be likened to? |
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Definition
| Like straining a stick just before the point of breaking so that it may be broken quickly and efficiently. |
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Term
| What happens if enzymes get damaged? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false: enzymes are involved in very few chemical reactions? |
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Definition
| False. Enzymes are involved in almost all chemical reactions. |
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Term
| At what temperature do human enzymes work best? |
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Definition
| 35*-40* Celcius (95-104*F) |
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Term
| Is there one set of optimal conditions for enzymes? |
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Definition
| No, optimal temperature and pH vary by species and enzyme. |
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Term
| Is a fever necessarily bad for enzymes? |
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Definition
| No, a low, short fever can help speed up the processes of enzymes. However, a long, high fever could denature enzymes. |
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Term
| What can denature enzymes? |
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Definition
- High temperatures
- Extreme salinity
- pH |
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Term
| What do many enzymes require for their functioning? |
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Definition
| Inorganic cofactors or organic coenzymes. |
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Term
| What is an example of an inorganic cofactor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is enzyme inhibition beneficial or problematic for an enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the inhibitor types? |
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Definition
| Competitive and Allosteric (noncompetitive) |
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Term
| What do competitive inhibitors do? |
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Definition
| They bind to active site, blocking substrate. |
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Term
| What do allosteric (noncompetitive) inhibitors do? |
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Definition
| They bind to sites other than the active site and changes the active site, thus making the enzyme non-functional. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of metabolic control where the product of the reaction inhibits the reaction. |
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Term
| Is feedback inhibition often reversible? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is feedback inhibition reversible? |
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Definition
| As product concentration declines, inhibitors are removed. |
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Term
| How does most body regulation happen? |
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Definition
| Through feedback inhibition. |
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