YES: E.COLI (bacteria) 

can move around actively--

Tumble or Swim straight forward 

Ex) if something is good, approach it/swim straight. If bad tumble to change direction and continue 

-Expectation/theory of what other people are doing 

-issues that go on in your mind 

~innately predisposed: human behavior 

Theory of Mind based on religious beliefs

1. Judiasm 

2. Christianinty

3. Islam 

Control system behind behvaior is the soul 

if nerce cut, cant move arm 

-Sense cut, brain damage, behvaior damage 

Soul as immaterial 

-Animals have no soul (half a soul) 

-Brain is good for cooling the body, heart is how you feel 

Cartesian Dualism 

-All have a soul and nervous system 

DIVISION of MIND & BODY 

something supernatural within the machine 

--dualism 

producing language in left side of the brain 

1 of 2 centers 

*MATERIAL PART OF THE BRAIN NECESSARY FOR LANGUAGE PRODCUTION 

Weirnicke's Area 

comprehend speech

2nd of the centers in the left side of the brain 

*MATERIAL PART OF THE BRAIN NECESSARY FOR LANGUAGE PRODUCTION 

Central part of the brain/ 2 hemispheres 

-Pinal gland: establish link betwen mind and soul 

PG produces homrone Melatonin at night and we can test what part of the brain is active/responsible 

Conciousness is useful source 

~0.5 seconds to recieve stimulus/respond 

-faster for innate responses 

psychological vs biological explantations 

FUNCTION OF GUILT 

only one kind of ultimate substance 

-if person is guilty of psychological resaons -> prison &jail have disorders 

20th Century Christian 

only humans have soul, NO ANIMALS 

-in afterlife, go through pain of leaving souls of pets 

-brain function of animals similiar to ours but they have no soul 

-understanding interaction of humans & animals 

Sociobiology -- anti/social behavior 

ELIMINATION FO CARTESIAN DUALISM 

study of animal & human behvaior 

philosophy of Mind in 20th century 

Cognitive Revolution 

missing idea of desire & motivation 

-input & output -- reasoning/decision making 

-intelligence is NOT all that is needed for future/success (more is needed) 

*SOCIAL INTERACTION 

house mouse in studies for brain function 

*BRAIN PATHOLOGY

-brain atlas obtained from house mouse shows similiar connections to human brain 

Cells in the brain fire once we consiously "see' 

~0.5 seconds conciousness in the eye

*CONCIOUSLY EXPEREINCED CELL FIRE ACTIVITY 

[Objects & specific neuron fired] 

Epilsey -brain goes into random acitvity and seizures start in small focus then spread out (electrodues to determine location) 

study simple vs complex

-want to increase fitness 

-what nurtients are they looking for: if something good, approach/swim straight to it 

-if something bad-tumble/try again 

BEHAVIOR CONTROL 

Types of behavioral receptors 

good - approach 

bad-retreat

CONTROL OPPOSITE BEHAVIOR 

simple behavior 

-recieve and detect chemicals (INPUT) 

-probiotic vs poisoning- go straight or tumble 

-up gradient vs down gradient-is the present higher or lower 

nervous system 

*BEHVAIORAL SUBSYSTEMS 

molecule that is attatched to the membrane 

EX) talking changes air pressue into electromagnetic signals 

-receptor function 

reduction of information through processing 1.stimulus and 2.classification 

-heirachy process: # of classes (good/bad) should not be larger than # alternative behavior outputs 

MEMORY -mamalian/vertebrate memory 

3 subtypes 

aka short tem memory 

used before make a decision to decide what is best thing to do in every situation 

-may take a long time

put in useful form 

fractions of seconds 

perceptive store 

innately built

eg) decision to eat vs not to eat is determined by nutrion level in your body 

concept of computation 

-often happens w/great ideas developed to improve 

ex) in warfare, to replace humans with machines/innovation 

N.Wierner- processing of info in living systems & computer 

Goal: INFO PROCESSING 

CONTROL & INFORMATION 

need measure for use of powerline 

EX) how much genetic info transmitted to next generation 

decoded nazi code machine 

-father of computer science 

-devloped in UK 

*DO BRAINS OF ANIMALS & HUMANS COMPUTE? 

how computer could imitate human behavior 

Deep blue vs World master Chess player

-Deep blue won

*Can test idea/theory by implementing it into a computer  

info must be independent of the meaning 

in terms of quantities measured by # of bits necessary to code it 

-how much items do we store in our long term memory 

Universal Code = BIT
Binary digit (2 distinct)

transcoded into binary code 

EX) use binary codes to code info in communication  

-branching heirachy: 2^I=N 

how many questions needed to come to item of long term memory

~average of 20 questions: must be smart 

*TO QUANTIFY THE AMOUNT OF STORAGE, CAN USE INFORMATION THEORY 

used to make predictions 

EX) know your response to food stimulus

tons of human receptor cells 

*INTENSITY OF THE STIMULUS BASED ON THE # OF RECEPTOR CELLS ON SURFACE

-mechansims of info reduction 

context of the working memory

ex) 12 digit phone number- to store in working memory, will make mistakes (temporarily store) 

7+/- 2 digits can be stored in working memory 

output

informational bottleneck- connects input to output 

-sophisticated information reduction by obstraction 

1. stimulus information 

2. Genetic information: no genes=no behavior 

3. Memory Information 

4. Random information:all behavior has a raondom component 

duration & amplitude 

-demonstrating amound of genetic behavior 

*COMPOSITE OF 2 SOURCES OF INPUT

-all behavior has a genetic component 

Spontaneous Behavior 

extreme formality: PAST DETERMINES FUTURE

-cause & effect relationships 

-everything you do is predetermined 

ex) criminal starts killing-> death penalty
~if predetermined, he is innocent  

*Conflict rises between behavior & determinsim

NO, some can be predicted 

ex) computer produce something that looks like random #s- formula behind to predicts #s 

determinism & randomness 

-matter of belief w/no proof that is acceptable 

-erros can be large or small but can never reach randomness or determinism for sure 

all mixtures of predicatble and unpredictable components 

-the aw of all scientific laws 

*ALL BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS ARE STOCHASTIC SYSTEMS

-Behavior has a raondom component but sensory and memory components are optional 

behavior is stochastic 

fixed action patterns (highly) due to random component

-random behvaior is better than no behavior 

*UNCONTROLLED & CONTROLLED RANDOMNESS

1. searching for necessities - ignorance 

ex) randomly move in space/search for food to satisfy a need

2. Competitive nature

ex) if someone is shooting at you, better to go in random pattern than a straight line to avoid bullet 

describes relationship between randomness & behavior in a lawful way 

-just noticeable differences-- inductive reasoning 

-limitation of working memory 

valid to humans, animals, insects etc., 

YES 

eg) E.Coli bacteria -swimming straight (predictable) & tumbling (unpredicatable) 

control of stochasticity 

produce randomness or go extinct

-always a limit of pure knowledge 

-learn by comparison 

determinism says everything is determined 

-acting: none is imperically determined

-DO not have free will-no one could be responsible for what doing/ cant arbiturally control behavior 

STOCHASTIC CONTROL TO INCREASE FITNESS

hole of randomness=ignorance 

randomness that cannot further explain 

eg) unreliable weather forecast 

only slightly change some points-drastically chance forecast

EX) butterfly fluttering-amplified by tornado 

tiny events have enourmous effects

impossibillity for precise predictions 

1. metacognition-knowing what you konw/dont know 

important tool 

2. Game theory-making decisions that increase fitness under conditions 

ex) football to win develop strategy that oponent doesnt know/random 

Unpredicatablility can save your life 

input to perceptive system=infor of stimuli 

-stimulus informtation to your brain 

-sound or odor- follow nerve into brain 

Dedicated transmission light: nerve fibers and receptors acitvated 

order intensity & sound 

The rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time

y=logx

Qualities 

sound plays a role in human communication & music 

-musical sounds & non musical sounds are adaptations sound perception 

SOUND=STIMULUS 

**ALL VERTEBRATES PERCIEVE SOUND EVEN IF DON'T HAVE OUTER EAR

ex)snakes, fish detect water vibrations 

vibrations in the air can be detected as sound waves are pushed 

-oscillating/standing waves 

-time represnets frequency of threshold 

ex) ear on railroad track (Metal) can hear train coming much faster than ear in air 

fastest speed is in diamonds

air=300 m/s sound travels --much slower than light 

-light travels faster - 40m/s : lightning 

ALL VERTEBRATES CAN PERCIEVE SOUND 

frequency varies between animals 

-Humans: 20hz-20,000 hz

above=ultra sound (small mammals)

below=infrasound (larger animals)

Ex) if pitch is high enough small animals can communicate w/out predators hearing 

elephants

-can communicate over distances w/out us knowing 

same with other large mammals 

DIFFICULT TO INVESTIGATE 

started with the science of music 

Noise and Tones 

UNPLEASANT 

-stimulus of sound is RANDOM of intensity/frequency

-human language made up of consonants

-Multiple frequencies 

ex) walking in leaves-animal fears/dangers response to this sound 

PLEASANT 

-combos of frequencies 

NOT RANDOM 

-human language made up of vowels (singing)

-restricted to certain mathematical numberic relationships 

100hz, 200hz, 300hz,400hz- everything in between is more or less unpleasant 

translates sound into nerve impulses to be sent to the brain

-it is shortened by winding itup since humans is ~3.6 cm in length 

-a wave that needs a substrate to propogate empty space 

-light can be emitted to empty space 

-is not a transversal wave 

-speed of sound dependent on material 

ex) water 5x faster than air 

in air-speed of sound depends on temp,density & humidity:300m/s 

20hz-20khz 

-hearing spectrum differences between species

small-HIGH frequencies

large-LOW frequencies 

INTENSITY 

-inverse square law 

Sound converging into heat: High@ low frequencies & long wave lengths = low frequencies

LOUDNESS 

-high frequencies travel short distances & low energy 

ex) whisper 

important for communication & language 

-consonants (Noisy) & vowels (tones_ 

-emphasis is tones/vowels & de-emphasize constonants/noise 

-recognize tones as highly predicatble structure 

-structure of tones linked w/evolutionary theory 

-single or multiple 

-all tones have one basic fundamental (lowest) frequency with upper harmonics 

-if tone w/FF- all multiples of another, upper hamonics partial apart

-if tone w/pitch- cannot hear all the frequencies that make up the tone/dissapear 

Multiply fundamental frequency by sequence of whole #s 

 -defines distributino of frequencies in a tone 

take incoming sound(complex) decompozes it into its freqeuncy components 

*Fourier theory 

-analyze & tells brain what frequencies are present 

1. Hardness 

2. Pitch

3. Timbre 

-harmonics are not completely ignored 

ex) colony of penguins-how find baby: sound communications and determine who is who 

-vibrating string -limits range of vibration

-fundamental frequency produced 

-frequency doubles- 1st harmonic 

*STRING PRODUCES # OF FREQUENCIES 

-each tone can be matched to source & identify source of tones 

Cochlea Bandwidths 

closer frequencies get there is a point where cochlea cant tell if 2 points/ cant distinguish 

+/ 10% 

if more, than choclea can hear 2 tones & tell them apart 

closer than 10% cochlea cant sense 

the average is the limit of resolution 

-if seperation of frequencies are superimposed- peaks shift/sum up & cancel out 

 if seperation of frequencies are super imposed the peaks shift/sum up & cancel out

*ENERGY 

2 sound peaks can cancel or amplify 

very fast fluctuations of loudness

-average tone or beats heard 

-beats- violin not properly tuned 

1. loudness

2.Harmony - matching instruments in tone 

3. Time - melody sequence in time 

all players at right time 

Harmony 

-up& down in frequency w/out matching other frequencies/instruments 

-all whole multiples for all frequencies-- perfect harmony 

-producing a score can intentially give audience shock & return to harmony 

ex) piano keys repeat slef 

white keys in groups of 8 

-fundamental and overtone 

important source of spatial information 

-detect distance & direction which can be estimated 

sound comes from right, loudness is greater on right at high frequency 

-low frequencies hard to distinguish 

-left ear- sound has to cover greater distance and largest when sound comes at same time

-differences in arrival time, brain uses to detect 

-how much time does it take for sound to travel 3 cm?

300m/s /1,000 = 0.3 m

larger animals- easier 

small animals- mechanisms such as turn head or rotate ears --direction of sound 

-distance detected by loudness & frequencies 

-frequency distribution 

1. Harmony

2. Melody

3. Rhythm- pure or complex 

doubling of frequency- musical interval between 2 frequencies 

-constonants-- merge of 2 tones & upper harmonics 

Spatial location 

SONAR - mechanism of animals: reflected sounds from some object 

-difference of loudness- detecting direcion 

-distance of the source of sound: loudness can estimate distance 

light is transversal wave

color is longtiudal wave 

-light can travel through empty space/vaccum 

Complementary Colors 

Yellow & blue 

every color has a complent 

-if saturate color vision w/one color, then brain produces complement of color internally 

-colors see maybe produced mental pauses 

1. 1 pair of complementary colors. Any color on opposite side =white/ cancel out 

-never see more than 1 color 

2. if look at one color for a while then look at white, see complement color 

-true for every color 

-frame of coordinance-- circular coordinate system & close it with color purple 

Primate find food 

-eat food that disperse seeds 

-add colors adding food inviting elements 

-give plants chance to propogate 

seeds ripen & change color