Term
| Primary course of focus of Bio 5B |
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Definition
| functional biology of organisms, especially multicellular organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| many species of organisms which differ form each other |
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Term
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Definition
| within species, each individual is different from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA code; sequence similarity; basic biochemistry; cell structure and function; etc. |
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Term
| Phylogenetic relationships |
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Definition
| represented as a "tree" where closely related species are more similar due to less time for evolutionary change from ancestors |
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Term
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Definition
| Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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Term
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Definition
| a lineage grouping that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants |
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Term
| Benefits of knowing evolutionary relationships |
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Definition
| arrange our knowledge from the most specific to the most general in a way that allows accurate predictions about unstudied organisms |
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Term
| Reasons for knowing evolutionary relationships |
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Definition
1. most species have not been discovered
2. only a fraction of discovered species have been carefully studied
3. we will never be able to know everything about organisms |
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Term
| What is important to remember about phylogenies, phylogenetic trees, etc. |
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Definition
| they are hypotheses about the history of evolutionary change; revisable and able to change |
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Term
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Definition
genetic change in a population across generations; has both random and non-random factors; is not goal-orientated
evolution depends on reproductive success |
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Term
| Mechanisms of evolutionary change |
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Definition
| mutation, gene flow, random 'genetic drift', and natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| the naming system indicating degrees of relationship |
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Term
| Crucial point of phylogeny |
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Definition
| the 'tree of life' is constantly being revised with new information, but the range of types of data used for phylogeny reconstructions usually give similar answers |
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Term
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Definition
| a constant process that proceeds in an endless loop across generations allowing a higher frequency in advantageous genes; not random and the most important source of change |
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Term
| Natural selection observations |
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Definition
| variation exists, some of this variation is heritable, and potential reproductive is much high than real productive rate |
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Term
| Natural selection inferences |
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Definition
| not all young survive -> competition, variance in phenotype allow some to better compete, and successful individuals will contribute a high portion of the genes in the next generation |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| small cell size, usually no membrane other than cell membrane, DNA not contained in a discrete region, small genomes, few organelles (ribosomes), and VERY ancient (~3.5 billion years) |
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Term
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Definition
| large cell size, numerous membranes within cell membrane, DNA in membrane-bound nucleus, large genome (~100x), lots of organelles, and more recent (~2 billion years) |
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Term
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Definition
| uses half lives to estimate ages of time periods |
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Term
| prokaryote cell shape and movement |
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Definition
spheres, rods, or cylinders
half use flagella, some with simple behavior |
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Term
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Definition
energy source: light
carbon source: CO2
type of organism: most plants, some protists, some prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
energy source: inorganic compounds
carbon source: CO2
type of organism: some prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
energy source: light
carbon source: organic compounds
type of organism: prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
energy source: organic compounds
carbon source: organic compounds
type of organism: many prokaryotes and protists, some plants, all fungi and animals |
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Term
| prokaryote and other organism relationships |
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Definition
commensal: no effect
symbiotic: advantages to both host and prokaryote
parasitic / pathogen: harm to host |
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Term
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Definition
exotoxins: released by bacteria
endotoxins: contained in cell wall |
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Term
| what was a major limiting factor to human population |
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Definition
bacterial diseases, such as the bubonic plague
antibiotics allowed treatments
however, many are now antibiotic-resistant` |
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Term
| What was the origin of eukaryotes |
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Definition
| presumably from prokaryote ancestor, or shared / merged genome of bacteria and archaean |
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Term
| how did the internal structure of eukaryotes arise (organelles) |
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Definition
| endomembranes and endosymbiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| organelles (e.g., chloroplasts) evolved similarly |
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Term
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Definition
unicellular eukaryotes (some colonial)
structurally and nutritionally diverse |
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Term
| Unikonts (Ameobozoans / amoeba) |
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Definition
free-living (gymnameobes) or parasites (entamoeba) protists
uses pseudopodia to move (microtubules and microfilaments)
food vacuoles / contractile vacuoles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Excavata - eugleonozoa (euglenas, kinetoplastids, flaellates) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
African trypanosomiasis: sleeping sickness
Chaga's disease (American trypanosomiasis): lingering illness / death
Leishmaniasis: tropics, organ damage / skin sores
all transmitted through insect bites
hard to treat, antibacterial don't work |
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Term
| Chromalveolata - cilitiates |
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Definition
free-swimming ciliates
bound in groups |
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Term
| Chromalveolata - apicomplexans ("complicated-tip) |
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Definition
series of hosts with sporozoite stage (penetrates host)
ex. Plasmodium - malaria |
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Term
| Protists vs. Multicellular organisms |
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Definition
diffusion reliant, allows organism to grow in size, and specialize
movement, control (over internal conditions) , and specialization (cellular differentiation) |
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Term
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Definition
| start with a large multinucleate cell -> multiple cells -> specialization |
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Term
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Definition
| start with single cell -> colony (clones) -> differentiate |
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Term
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Definition
| aging of multicellular organisms |
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Term
| four basic developmental processes from zygote to adult |
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Definition
| cell proliferation, cell differentiation (all cells have same same genetic information), cell death (apoptosis), cell migration |
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Term
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Definition
| true 'multicellular' animals |
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Term
| fundamental properties of animal body plans |
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Definition
the degree of differentiation and specialization of cells and tissues
fundamental symmetry
number, development, and arrangement of germ layers
body cavity |
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Term
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Definition
radial primary symmetry
often characterized by sessile
diploblastic |
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Term
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Definition
often cephalized
triploblastic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
mouth forms first
schizocoely: mesoderm arises from ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
anus forms first
enterocoely: mesoderms arises from endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| diploblastic embryo adds a third primary germ layer called mesoderm |
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Term
| steps of early development |
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Definition
zygote -(cell division)-> blastula -(invagination / gastrulation)-> gastrula
gastrula can remain diploblastic
gastrula can become triploblastic, either by schizocoely (protosome / vertebrae) or entercoely (deuterostome) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gut and associated organs and structures |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles, gonads, and internal skeletons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| body cavity from blastocoel and partially lined with mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| body cavity derived from embryonic mesoderm and completely lined with mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
levels of cell and tissue organization (no tissue vs true tissue)
sponges vs everything else
sponges are stupid |
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Term
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Definition
fundamental symmetry and number of germ layers
(diploblastic and radial vs triploblastic and bilateral) |
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Term
| Protostomia vs Deuterostomia |
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Definition
developmental pattern
anus forms first = deuterostome
mouth forms first = protosome |
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Term
in Protostomia:
Lophotrochozoa vs Ecdysozoa |
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Definition
presence or absence of cuticle
cuticle = hard outer shell (exoskeleton)
Ecdysozoa contains a exoskeleton (cuticle)
Lophotrochozoa does not
Lophotrochozoa have a trochopore larval stage |
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Term
Parazoa: sponges
Calcarea and Silicea (Porifera) |
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Definition
parazoa ("besides the animals")
cellular grade of organization
sessile
little apparent symmetry
spicules / spongin secretion for supporting 'skeleton' (mesenchyme)
choanocytes: ('collar cell') |
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Term
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Definition
Ascon= simplest 'grade'
Sycon = more complex
Leacon = most complex
ALS (american sign language, age sex location)... |
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Term
| Cnidaria (cnidarians) ("thread-bearers) |
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Definition
tissue level organization
diploblastic
radial symmetry with oral-aboral axis
support via hydrostatic skeleton or viscoelastic skeleton
sessile / floating in water |
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Term
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Definition
| sessile, attached to substrate at aboral end |
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Term
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Definition
deformable but not compressible
can change shape but not volume
ex. gastrovascular cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to hydrostatic skeleton but is elastic and resumes original shape |
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Term
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Definition
free-swimming
polyp form 'flipped over'
more mesoglea than polyp
tentacles |
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Term
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Definition
| stinging cells (cnidocyst) |
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Term
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Definition
complex life cycle
polyp dominant stage
sometimes colonial |
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Term
| Scyphoza ("true" jellyfish) / Cubozoa |
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Definition
free-swimming
complex life cycle
medusa dominant phase |
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Term
| Anthozoa (sea anemones and coral) |
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Definition
only polyp stage
more cellular mesoglea
corals secrete calcium carbonate "house" |
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Term
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Definition
symbiosis with algae
coral bleaching occurring with increase temperature |
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Term
| Platyhelminthes (flatworms) |
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Definition
acoelomate
motile
cephalized
no circulatory system
flat (due to no circulatory system)
gut with single opening
often hermaphroditic |
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Term
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Definition
| nervous tissue and sensors in front creating a anterior-posterior axis |
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Term
| Turbellaria (free-living flatworms) |
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Definition
unspecialized
"planarians" |
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Term
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Definition
parasitic (originally of mollusks, but now spread throughout hosts)
co-evolution of host and parasite |
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Term
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Definition
| schistosoma (schistosomiasis) 'snail fever' |
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Term
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Definition
parasites of vertebrates
no gut
'head' with scolex, holding organ
reproductive units called proglottids
harmful in wrong host
co-evolution of host and parasite |
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Term
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Definition
pseudocoelomate
organ system level of organization
motile and cephalized
external cuticle
internal cavity (from blastocoel)
eutely (constant cell number)
complete gut
no circulatory system
only have longitudinal muscles (thrashing movement) |
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Term
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Definition
| protection and leverage, must be molted to grow |
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Term
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Definition
a major advance
specialization of gut regions allowed |
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Term
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Definition
trichinosis (Trichinella spiralis)
ascaris (20-25% of human population)
Wuchereria bancrofti (lymphatic filarrasis / elephantiasis) |
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Term
| Eucoelomates vs Pseudocoelomate |
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Definition
pseudocoelomate lackes muscle tissue in gut = no gut motility
eucoelomate gut is lined with mesoderm = gut motility |
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Term
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Definition
spiral determinate cleavage (cell fate determined early)
schizocoely (block of mesoderm splits to form an internal cavity) |
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Term
| Arthropoda ('jointed feed') |
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Definition
triploblastic eucoelmate protostomes (ecydysoa)
most succesful
segmented |
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Term
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Definition
reduced coelom in adults
open circulation (hemocoel)
hard exoskeleton (cuticle of chitin)
jointed appendages
segmentation (metamerism: serial repetition of body parts)
tagmosis - fusions of segments |
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Term
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Definition
grouping or fusion of segments
allows specialized body regions |
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Term
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Definition
| serial repetition of body parts such as subdivisions of organ systems |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of flexible joints, protection and support, and molting |
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Term
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Definition
arthropods grow in bursts
metamorphosis |
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Term
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Definition
extinct
many segments, little specialization, little tagmosis |
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Term
| Crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, isopods, etc.) |
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Definition
very different larval stage
highly specialized
some (barnacles) sessile |
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Term
| Myriapods (centipedes or millipedes) and Hexapods (insects) |
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Definition
hugely successful
some fly
some have complex social systems |
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Term
| Chelicerates (spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, etc.) |
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Definition
two major body regions (tagmata): cephalothorax ( head and thorax together) and abdomen
chelicera: claw-like mouth parts (pincers / fangs)
silk |
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Term
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Definition
lophotrochozoan eucoelomate protostomate
contains: cephilization, bilateral symmetry, complete gut
circulatory system
'wormlike' shape with hydrostatic skeleton
circular and longitudinal muscles (advanced movement)
segmentation |
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Term
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Definition
lophotrochozoa eucoelomate protostomate
unique, highly variable body plan
circulatory system, reduced coelom
foot, mantle, mantle cavity, and visceral mass |
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Term
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Definition
shell (secreted by a fleshy mantle)
mouth (tongue like radula)
muscular foot (locomotion and support of visceral mass)
mantle cavity with anus and ciliated gill (ctenidia) |
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Term
| Chitons (polyplacophora) ("many shell bearing) |
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Definition
marine
body symmetrical
trochopore larvae
multiple calcified plateds
mantle cavity along each side of foot, multiple gills |
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Term
| Gastropods (Gastropoda) (snails, slugs, nudibranchs, etc.) |
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Definition
torsion
gill evolved to lung for terrestial
lots of variation in shell size, shape, and function
some radula can drill or even be a hypodermic needle |
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Term
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Definition
180-degree counter clockwise twist of "upper" portions of the body relative to the foot
lowers center of gravity
ensure head is pulled in first |
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Term
| Bivalves (Bivalvia) (clams, scallops, oysters, mussels, etc.) |
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Definition
two shells, with hinge and closed
foot formed into digging tool
siphons bring water to buried animal
head much reduced
gill used for filter feeding and gas exchange |
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Term
| Cephalapods (cehpalopoda) (nautilus, squids, octopus, cuttlefish) |
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Definition
motile, active, and agile
good vision
tentacles derived from foot
can jet propulsion through a siphon |
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Term
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Definition
| triploblastic eucoelomate |
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Term
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Definition
cleavage: spiral, determinate (cell fates established early)
mesoderm formation: ectodermal, from cells near blastopore
origin of coelom: schizocoely (blocks of mesoderm split internally to form coelom)
blastopore forms: the mouth; anus forms secondarily |
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Term
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Definition
cleavage: radial, indeterminate (cell fates established late in development)
mesoderm formation: endodermal (from archenteron)
origin of coelom: enterocoely from gut (archenteron outpocket 'pinches off' to form coelom) (except in vertebrates)
blastopore forms: the anus; mouth form secondarily |
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Term
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Definition
pentaradial symmetry (larval show bilaterally symmetric)
internal (dermal) skeleton
internal water vascular system |
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Term
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Definition
sessile or mobile
water vascular system
hundreds of tube feet |
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Term
| Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) |
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Definition
pentaradial symmetry
tube in 5 rows and there are 5 teeth |
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Term
| Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) |
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Definition
pentradial symmetry, water vascular system (5 rows of tube feet)
some tube feet around mouth as tentacles
lack spines and dermal ossicles
elongate
burrow or crawl |
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Term
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Definition
notochord: flexible rob extended rearwards from "head"
viscoelastic support element - endoskeleton
dorsal hollow nerve cord (ventral in protostomes)
pharyngeal slits (gill slits)
post-anal tail tail
segmentation |
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Term
| Urochordates (tunicates, sea squirts) |
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Definition
adults are sessile filter feeders
larval show typical chordate characters |
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Term
| Cephalochordata (lancelets - including Brachiostoma) |
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Definition
| chordate characteristics throughout life |
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Term
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Definition
| basic chordate body plan with modifications |
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Term
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Definition
pharyngeal slits
skull
neural crest (dorsal nerve cord) |
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Term
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Definition
segmented vertebral column
paired appendages |
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Term
| Evolution adaptions to humans |
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Definition
| skull, vertebrae, jaw / paired appendages, 'skeletonized' appendages, swim bladder / lungs / etc., legs, amniotic egg, hair / mammary glands |
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Term
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Definition
no bony jaws
feed by "sucking" up dead flesh
feeding on blood |
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Term
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Definition
| hinged bony jaws, which evolved from pharyngeal slits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| terrestrial vertebrates are "four-footed" |
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Term
| Amphibia (frogs, salamanders, etc.) |
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Definition
early tetrapods, still dependent on water
moist, unprotected skin
shell-less eggs |
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Term
| Reptiles (lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodile) |
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Definition
evolved waterproof skin and amniotic eggs (shelled)
less water dependent |
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Term
| Birds, mammals, (and dinosaurs) |
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Definition
different from reptiles in:
refinements of metabolism, locomotion, and reproduction |
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Term
| energy metabolism (metabolic rate) |
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Definition
the sum of all total biochemical energy 'transactions' at a given time
= rate of production and utilization of ATP |
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Term
| how productive is cellular respiration |
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Definition
| ~40% efficient; giving off most of the energy as heat |
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Term
| Factors affecting metabolic rate |
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Definition
| body size, metabolic 'strategy' (endothermy vs ectothermy) temperature, activity, etc. |
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Term
| metabolism scales have what kind of scaling? |
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Definition
Allometry, or non-linear when compared to mass
~mass^0.75 |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic rate increases roughly 2-2.5 times for every 10 degree celcius increase in Tb (temperature of body) |
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Term
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Definition
low heat production and therefore low metabolic rates
Tb ~ Te
can select temperature by environment (laying in sun) |
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Term
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Definition
high heat production and therefore high metabolic rates
Tb > Te
often use of isolation (fur, feathers) |
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Term
| negative feedback control |
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Definition
| sensor, comparative (controller), and effector |
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Term
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Definition
| measures parameter of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| compares actual value of the parameter with desired value 'setpoint' |
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Term
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Definition
| responds to signals from the comparator and affects the level or intensity of the parameter |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature-sensitive cells in brain, skin, and body core |
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Term
| comparator (controller) in body |
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Definition
| hypothalmus checks the setpoint |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic rate (shivering), cooling mechanisms (sweating / panting), blood vessel control, behavior |
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Term
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Definition
constant Tb, even with variable Te
easy in large animals
thrive in lethal temperatures for ectotherms
VERY EXPENSIVE; need lots of food |
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Term
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Definition
in right environment, behavior can keep Tb constant with little cost
can thrive in too nutrient poor habitats for endotherms |
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Term
| important note for energetics |
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Definition
| life is a set of budgets... what goes in must equal what comes out (balanced budget) |
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