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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid that contains the instructions for building proteins, including enzymes. |
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| A segment of DNA coding for a single polypeptide |
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| Complete set of an organism' genetic information. |
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| Proteins are made up of how many polypeptides? |
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| At least one polypeptide. |
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| How many genes does a human have? |
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| Which cells have a full copy of the genome? |
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| The class of compounds that DNA belongs to. |
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| The monomers that make up Nucleic Acids, comprised of a nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar and a phosphate group. |
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| The name for the polymers of Nucleic Acids. |
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| Each chromosome contains... |
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| Uracil (in RNA), that trades for Thymine. |
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| The portion of a nucleotide without any phosphate groups. |
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| The two families of nitrogenous bases are |
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| C,T,U, with only one carbon ring. |
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| Differences between RNA and DNA |
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Definition
- Single versus double strand
- DNA has one less oxygen in the five carbon sugar.
- T bases in DNA become U bases in RNA |
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Term
| What comprises the double helix? |
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Definition
- Two polynucleotides with sugar phosphate alternating the backbone.
- Nitrogenous bases making the "rungs." |
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Term
| Bonds between the nitrogenous bases are... |
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Definition
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| Bonds between the nucleotides are... |
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Definition
| How the two sugar phosphate backbones of DNA run in opposite 5'-3' directions from one another. |
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Term
| What is the directionality of the polynucleotides based on? |
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Definition
| The kind of carbon the last phosphate is attached to. |
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Term
| If one polynucleotide runs 5'-AGGTCCG-3'then the compliment runs |
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Definition
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| 5-carbon sugar attachments in DNA |
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Definition
1' to nitrogenous base
5' to phosphate
3' to next nucleotide |
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| Two nucleotides (DNA rungs) |
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Definition
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Term
| Semiconservative replication |
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Definition
| Each daughter strand has half of the parent strand. |
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Term
| The error rate of replication is |
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Definition
| One in every 100,000 nucletides are paried incorrectly (humans have ~6 billion base pairs), but DNA polymerase, involved in proofreading and correcting, reduces it to one error per 10 billion nucleotides. |
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| Tightly coiled DNA around histone proteins. |
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| Two identical DNA strands (to be seperated during cell division) |
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| To take up less room than it would stretched out. |
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| Coiled DNA around histone proteins. LESS dense than chromosomes. |
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| The two organelles that can make their own protein. |
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Definition
| Chloroplasts and mitochondria |
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Term
| Why must each cell have DNA? |
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Definition
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| Chromatin is less densely coiled so that... |
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Definition
| the DNA does not tangle and break. |
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Definition
| A permanent change in a DNA sequence. |
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Definition
| In somatic cells, the mutation stays in the individual. In germ-line cells, the mutations are passed on. |
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| What can cause mutations? |
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Definition
| Radiation, chemicals, chance error in cells. |
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| What could be the effects of mutations? |
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Definition
| It could be fatal, have no effect, or be beneficial and lead to evolution. |
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Definition
| Change at one point in the sequence, which can still lead to different or non-functional proteins. |
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Term
| "Shrinking chromosomes" occur because... |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end, so when the 5' lagging strand loses its RNA primer, the DNA is not replaced. |
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| Through "shrinking chromosomes" each replication results in... |
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| What prevents genes from being eroded away during successive rounds of DNA replication from the shrinking chromosome" phenomenon? |
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| Special repeated nucleotoide sequence at the ends of DNA that protect genes. |
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| TTAGGG repeated 100-1,000 times. |
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| An enzyme in germ cells that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres. |
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| The genes of germ cells... |
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Definition
| must persist virtually unchanged from an organism to its offspring, so that the"shrinking chromosomes" phenomenon would eventually delete essential genes. |
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Term
| How do germ cells compensate for "shrinking chromosome" phenomenon when they must pass on unchanged genes? |
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Definition
| They have telomerase that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres, thus restoring their original length |
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Term
| Why can't enzymes initiate the building of a complimentary chain. |
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Definition
| They can only ADD nucleotides to the end of an already existing chain that is base paired with the template stand. The initial nucleotide chain is actually an RNA primer. |
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Term
| How many nucleotides is an RN primer? |
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Definition
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Term
| How fast does polymerase III add nucleotides? |
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Definition
| 500/second in bacteria and 50/second in humans |
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Term
| What does polymerase III enter as? |
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Definition
| As nucleoside triphosphate (high energy) |
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Term
| What are the differences between prokaryote and eukaryotic DNA? |
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Definition
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Definition
| The enzyme that synthesizes RNA primer. |
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Definition
| The short sequence of complementing nucleotides added to the template strand. It is the |
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Term
| In what direction are complementary nucleotides added to the template strand? |
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Definition
Always from 5' -> 3'.
(New chains can only grow 3'-wards.) |
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Term
| What is the difference between the way leading and lagging strands are synthesized? |
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Definition
| The nucleotides are added continuously to the leading strand, but discontinuously, in Okazaki fragments, to the lagging strand. |
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Definition
| Enzyme that untwists and breaks the DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that breaks, swings and rejoins DNA to relieve tension from untwisting. |
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Term
| Single-strand Binding Protein |
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Definition
| Protein that prevents split polynucleotides from re-pairing. |
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Definition
| Short sequence of complimentary nucleotides (5-10) attached by Primase. |
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Definition
| Enzyme that synthesizes RNA primer. |
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| Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesizes of new DNA. |
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| Enzyme that catalyzes the replacement of RNA Primer with new DNA. |
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Definition
| The enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand. |
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Definition
| The strand that runs from the origin of replication to the replication fork from in the 5' to 3' direction. |
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Definition
| The strand that runs from the origin of replication to the replication fork from the 3' to 5' direction. |
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