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Bio 5
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
53
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/17/2012

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Term
The critically important large molecules
Definition
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
Term
Macromolecules
Definition
Huge molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids.
Term
Polymer
Definition
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building block monomers linked by covalent bonds.
Term
Monomer
Definition
Smaller molecules that make up polymers.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
Term
Dehydration Synthesis
Definition
The connection of two monomers or broken polymers by the loss of a water molecule between them.
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
The disassembling of polymers by the insertion of a water molecule. A prime example is in our stomach in the process of digestion.
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
One of the three macromolecules that Includes both sugars and polymers of sugars.
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
Carbohydrates with their molecular formulas as multiples of CH20, which serve as the main energy source for an organism and as the raw material for the synthesis of other molecules.
Term
Disaccharide
Definition
Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic link, like sucrose and lactose.
Term
Glycosidic Link
Definition
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis.
Term
Polysaccharide
Definition
Macromolecule carbohydrate polymers, which serve as sugar storage for later use.
Term
Starch
Definition
A polymer of glucose monomers that plants use to stockpile energy for later use.
Term
Glycogen
Definition
A polymer of glucose that animals store, which for humans occurs primarily in the muscles and liver.
Term
Cellulose
Definition
A polysaccharide that makes up the tough walls of plant cells, which differs from starch only in an alternating pattern of alpha and beta ring structures at the molecular level, as opposed to a consistent alpha structure. It is not digestable by humans, but serves as a "sweep" of the intestines.
Term
Chitin
Definition
The polysaccharide used by anthropods to build their exoskeletons
Term
Polysaccarides are useful/important for...
Definition
Structure and storage
Term
Lipids
Definition
The one large class of biological molecules that do not contain polymers and therefore are not considered a macromolecule, which all share the fact that they are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons.
Term
Fat
Definition
Molecule assembled by three fatty acids and a glycerol, also known as a triaglycerol.
Term
Fatty Acid
Definition
A long carbon skeleton that consists of a carboxyl group at one end and a chain of hydrocarbons.
Term
Saturated Fatty Acid
Definition
Where a lack of double covalent carbon bonds leaves room for hydrogen bond to SATURATE the carbon skeleton, which creates a lack of kinks that make these fats solid at room temperature.
Term
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Definition
A higher amount of double carbon bonds does not leave room for hydrogens to saturate the carbon skeleton, which creates a serie of kinks that makes them hard to stack tightly, and hence they are liquid at room temperature.
Term
Trans Fats
Definition
Saturated fats with trans double bonds, which do not occur in nature.
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
The lipids that make up the cell membrane which has only two fatty acid tails, creating a structure that has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
Term
Steroids
Definition
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with different chemical groups attached.
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
A steroid crucial for animals to synthesize other steroids and which also make up the animal cell membrane.
Term
Catalysts
Definition
Enzymatic protein chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction.
Term
Polypeptides
Definition
Polymers of amino acids
Term
Protein
Definition
One of the three macromeolecules, which is a functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.
Term
Amino Acid
Definition
A molecule possessing both an amino group and a carboxyl group, which composes proteins.
Term
Peptide Bond
Definition
The covalent bond that forms between two amino acids with an amino group from one and the carboxyl group from another facing one to eventually make a polypeptide.
Term
The function of a protein is determined by its
Definition
structure, consisting of MULTUPLE polypeptide chains.
Term
Primary Structure
Definition
The first level of protein structure which is the linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence.
Term
Secondary Structure
Definition
The second level of protein structure which is the 2-dimensional folds of the polypeptide a the hydrogen bonds.
Term
Common shapes of secondary structure.
Definition
Alpha helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Term
Tertiary Structure
Definition
The third level of protein structure which is the three-dimensional shape from interactions between amino acid side chains.
Term
Quaternary Structure
Definition
The fourth level of protein structure which is two or more polypeptide chains aggregated into one functional molecule.
Term
Sickle-cell Disease
Definition
An inherited blood disorder caused by a slight change in the amino acids in the primary structure which causes blood cells to be sickle-shaped.
Term
Denaturation
Definition
The unraveling and destruction of a protein's shape due to pH extremes, high salt levels, temperature (egg whites), which makes the denatured protein inactive.
Term
Chaperonins
Definition
Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins by keeping "bad influences" segregated from the folding protein.
Term
X-ray Crystallography
Definition
The method used to determine the 3-D structure of many proteins
Term
Gene
Definition
A nucleic acid made up of DNA which programs the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Term
Nucleic Acid
Definition
Polymers made up of monomers called nucleotides.
Term
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Definition
A type of nucleic acid which provides directions for an organism, found in the chromosomes
Term
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Definition
A type of nucleic acid that carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes for protein production.
Term
Polynucleotides
Definition
Nucleic acids that are polymers, made up of nucleotide monomers.
Term
Nucleotides
Definition
The monomers that comprise a polynucleotide which is composed of a nitrogen containing base, a five-carbon sugar and one or more phosphate group.
Term
The nitrogenous bases of a nucleotide.
Definition
The one or two rings that has nitrogen classfied into the families pyrimidine and purine.
Term
Pyrimidine
Definition
A nitrogenous base of a nucleotide which is one ring and has the members Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and Uracil (U).
Term
Purines
Definition
A nitrogenous base of a nucleotide which has two rings and has the members adenine (A) and guanine (G).
Term
The sugars of a nucleotide
Definition
In DNA it is deoxyribose and lacks an oxygen in the second ring. In RNA it is ribose and has an oxygen in the second ring.
Term
Double Helix
Definition
How the polynucleotides in DNA spin around one another.
Term
Antiparalell
Definition
How two sugar phosphate run in opposite directions as the rungs of the DNA.
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