10/5/10→Study, Study, Study...

Antone Van Leevwenhoek in 1674

He discovered live microbes and recorded it with the British Royal Society.

What are Koch's Postulates?

1. Find the suspected causitive agent in every case of disease.
2. Grow the microbe in pure form.
3. Inoculate a healthy, susceptible animal, and see if disease symptoms develop.
4. Reisolate the same etiological agent from the inoculated animal.

1. Anabolism- Building
2. Catabolism- Breaking Down
3. Amphibolic- Both building and breaking down.

1. Allows for aq rxns to occur within the body
2. Helps in transport
3. Maintains cell shape/size
4. Resists temperature change
5. Dissolved salts (now ions) conduct electricity (electrolytes)
6. Density is high as a liquid and low as a solid

Organic compounds contian carbon. Exceptions to this rule are CO2, CO and HCO3 1-

Proteins are large globular molecules made up of twenty different amino acids. Each amino acid is linked by a peptide bond and is made up of the atoms carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfer.

1. Primary Structure- A polypeptide chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
2. Secondary Structure- A folded or twisted form of a chain of amino acids.
3. Tertiary Structure- The folds and twists are formed into a globular ball made from a single polypeptide.
4. Quartenary Structure- Multiple polypeptides joined by peptide bonds to form a globular ball (4 to many polypeptides).

Name a few types of lipids. Where are they found?

1. Triglycerides- 3 glycerol backbone with three fatty acid chains branching off. Found in the fats that people eat.
2. Phospholipid- a 3 glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate branching off. Found in the plasmalemma.

Purines are the two nitrogenous bases: Adinine and Guanine. These each have a two ring shape.

Purimidines are the other two nitrogenous bases: Cytosine and Thymine(Uracil in RNA). These have a single ring shape.

Eukaryotes... 65% phospholipid, 25% cholesterol, 10% other

Prokaryotes... Do not have cholesterol and mainly have phospholipid.

1. Separates the cytoplasm from the outside.
2. Regulates which particles may pass (whether it is directly through, channels, carriers, etc.)
3. Influences Taxis- Movement of cells within their environment.
4. Synthesis of ATP (in prokaryotes)
5. Quorum Sensing- Bacteria that sense a large population of themselves release chemicals, light, etc.

Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membranous organelles. They contain CCC-DNA and 70S ribosomes. Finally, their membranes can synthesize ATP and lack cholesterol.

Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membranous organelles. Their DNA contains two or more linear chromosomes with 80S ribosomes. Finally, their membrane contains cholesterol and does not synthesize ATP.

A process in which a cell makes endospores.

1.  Cell replicates genetic material (DNA)
2. DNA separates and membrane septum forms.
3. The layers of membrane and wall form (covering formation)

A two name system for naming species. Both names are always italicized if typed or underlined if written. The first name is the genus and it is capitalized, while the second name is the species and it is lower case...

Equus caballus

1. Domain.................Dumb
2. Kingdom...............Kids
3. Phylum.................Playing
4. Class.....................Chase
5. Order....................On
6. Family...................Freeways
7. Genus....................Go
8. Species..................Splat

1. Morphology (cellular and colonies)
2. Mode of Reproduction
3. Nutrition and Metabolism
4. Gas Requirements
5. Temperature Requirements
6. pH Requirements
7. Osmotic Pressure Requirements
8. Environmental Relationships
9. Biochemical Analysis

Carnivore- Chemoheterotroph that gets its nutriants from meat

Herbavore- Chemoheterotroph that gets its nutrients from plants

Omnivore- Chemoheterotroph that gets its nutrients from both meat and plants.

Respiratory Organisms- Use inorganic compounds as their final electron acceptor.

Fermentive Organisms- Use organic compounds as thier final electron acceptro.

Some organisms are capable of doing BOTH.

Two or more different organisms coexist in one of three ways:

1. Mutualistic- All parties benefit and help eachother
2. Parasitic- An organism occupies a host and steals its nutrients
3. Pathogenic- An organism infects a host causing damage and disease to that individual.

1. Cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan
2. cell membranes' lipids are unlike thoes of other cells (fatty acid chain attaches to the phospholipid on the opposite side)
3. Nucleotide sequences of 16S RNA is unlike anything else

Formerly called Blue/Green algae these can fix nitrogen using heterocysts and produce cyanotoxins called microcystins that cause liver damage.

• Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria- Use light energy and produce sulfur granules

• Rickettsia and Orientia- hypotrophs that are obligate intracellular parasites.
• Wolbachia- Parasites of insects and round worms
• Rhizobium- Nitrogen fixing root nodules that give nitrogen to plants and bacteria get nutrients from the plant in a mutualistic relationship
• Agrobacterium tumifasciens- Form crown gals
• Azotobacter- Fix nitrogen
• Sphaerotilus- Sheathed bacteria
• Thiobacillus- Chemoautotrophs used in sulfur removal
• Pseudomonas- Chemoheterotrophs that use unusual carbon sources
• Pseudomonas syringae- Used to make artificial snow
• Photobacterium phosphoreum- bioluminescent because of luciferase enzymes
• Escherichia coli- Very studied organism that lives in the human gut. Some are pathogens.
• Bdellovibrio- hypotrophs that live in Gram negatives' periplasmic space.

Gram positive

• Clostridium- Obligatory anaerobe, that causes tetanus and botulism. Form endospores
• Mycoplasma- Lack peptidoglycan and cause walking pneumonia.
• Bacillus- Endospore formers and can be pathogens.
• Bacillus thuringiensis- anti insect genes in seeds.
• Bacillus subtilis & Paenibacillus polymyxa- used as antibiotics
• Staphlycoccus- human pathogens aureus causes toxic shock syndrom while epidermis is non-pathogenic
• Lactobacillus- Aids in making yogurt and cheese
• Lactococcus- catalyase negative
• Streptococcus- some used in food processing. pnemoniae and pyogenes are human pathogens

• Micrococcus, Dermacoccus, Kocuria, Kytococcus- Colorful bacteria that are catalase positive, oxidase-negative, non-pathogenic
• Corynebacterium- irregular bacilli that have metachromatic granules
• Mycobacterium- walls are acid-fast
• Streptomyces- fillamentous bacteria that produce conidia

• Chlamydiae- A bacteria that is the most common STD and uses host's ATP because it is inefficiant in its attempts to make ATP.

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Fungi (or Mycetea)

1. Yeasts- single celled
2. Molds- microscopic, made of fillaments
3. Fleshy Fungi- macroscopic, made of fillaments (we will not look at many fleshy fungi since this is a microbiology course and these are macro)

A fungus that penitrates plants and absorb nutrients. For example, Albugo...

[image]

1. Plasmogamy- Joining of protoplasm
2. Karyogamy- Joining of two nuclei (from separate fungi)
3. Meiosis- Diploid zygote becomes four haploid, genetically unique spores.

1. Are saprotrophs
2. Mycorrhizae with plants
3. Food Source
4. Used in food processing/preservation (cheese and yogurt)
5. Produce antibodies (only some species)
6. Produce enzymes, organic acids, and solvents used in industry
7. Genetically engineered fungi produce human proteins
8. Some are pathogens/cause intoxication

1. Superficial- Tinea pedis/capitis/corporis...caused by Dermophytes such as Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Microsporum.
2. Subcutaneous- Sporotrichosis and Chromomycosis...caused by Sporothrix shenkii and black molds respectively.
3. Deep/Systemic- Coccidiodomycosis and Histoplasmosis...caused by Coccidioides imintis, Histoplasma capsulatum respectively.

1. Candida albicans- normal microbiota that may cause septicemia in the blood.
2. Cryptococcus neoformans- yeast like/found near birds
3. Aspergillus fumingatus/niger- cause pnemonia in immuno-compromised hosts
4. Rhizopus stolonifer- fungus balls form in lungs. Breathed in from bread mold!
5. Pneumoncysis carinii- causes pnemonia in immuno-compromised patients.

1. Amanita phalloides- toxins cause liver damage if ingested
2. Aspergillus flavus- produce Aflatoxin the most potent carcenogen.
3. Claviceps purpurea- toxins are the source of LSD
4. Stachybotrys atra- black mold that grows on wet cellulose

1. Fission- binary, longitudinal, or shrinking
2. Fragmentation- fillamentous algae
3. Asexual spores

A process with the three steps of...

1. plasmogomy, 2. karyogomy, and 3. meiosis.

1. Food gathering structures called cytosomes
2. Osmoregullatory/circulatory/excretory structures like contractile vacuoles
3. Protective Structures such as skeletons, pellicule, trichocysts (hunting)
4. Locamotive structures like cirri, flagella, and pseudopodia
5. Can lead active lifestyles of trophozoite or cyst in inactive styles. Parasitic protozoa can occupy multiple hosts in its lifetime.
6. Reproduce sexually (definite host) and asexually (intermediate host). Sexually by syngamy/conjunction and asexually by fission, budding and multiple fission or schizogony.

1. Giardia lambila & Giardia intestinalis- More infectious in children. Caused by contaminated water and passes through stomach in cyst form (2 per).
2. Trichomonas vaginalis- sexually transmitted or by poorly maintained spas
3. Entamoeba histolytica- Amoeba like and injested with food/water. Cysts pass through stomach (4 per) and cause dysentery and death if not treated.
4. Acanthamoeba- cause amoebic meningo encephalitis. Live in warm/hot water.
5. Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae & Plasmodium falciparum- cause malaria if bitten by mosquito (VECTOR) carrying this disease. 
6. Toxoplasma gondii- cat rodent parasite that may cause blind/deaf/stillborn fetuses in people.
7. Balantidium coli- causes dysentery
8. Trypanosoma cruzi & Trypanosoma gambiense- Vectors are kissing bug (Triatoma) and Tse Tse fly (Glossina) respectively. Cause African Sleeping Sickness.

[image]

Three reasons...

1. Less damage to any one host
2. Less competition for resources
3. Spreads out the population increasing survival of the species