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| heritable feature, ex. flower color |
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| variant of a character, ex. purple or white flowers |
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| waiting an individual with itself |
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| when offspring from self- fertilization always have same traits as the parent |
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| a mating of true breeding subjects with different traits for one character |
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| one that is always expressed/ observed as a trait when present |
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| the one hidden in heterozygous offspring |
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| during meiosis the 2 alleles at a gene locus segregate, end up in different gametes, happens in heterozygous and homozygous parents |
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| specific alleles at a gene locus |
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| waiting of true breeding varieties that differ in 2 characters, F1 are dihybrids |
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| alleles inherited as a package , 2 possible F1 gametes |
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Definition
| alleles inherited independently, 4 possible F1 gametes |
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| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| alleles for different gene loci segregate into gametes independently |
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| various relationships between genotype and phenotype |
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| heterozygous only expresses the dominant allele's phenotype |
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| heterozygotes have intermediate phenotype, pink snapdragons |
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| amount of protein activity depends on number of functioning alleles |
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| heterozygotes fully express two different alleles, MN blood type |
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| multi-allelic inheritance |
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Definition
| 3 or more alleles for 1 gene exist in a population of organisms, but each individual diploid still has only 2 alleles, ex. A,B,O blood types |
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| when 1 gene controls the phenotype expression of another, BB= black but cc present no color at all |
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| spectrum of traits for 1 character found in a population |
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| discrete phenotype classes, character usually controlled by a single gene |
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| 2 or more genes control 1 character can produce quantitative variation, when each has an additive effect on the phenotype, ex. skin color |
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| phenotype influenced by both genes and the environment, ex. twin studies |
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| the pair that determines an individual gender |
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| non-sex chromosomes, nothing to do with gender |
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| sex determining region of y, gene on y chromosome that initiates male development |
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| genes located on 1 of the sex chromosomes, x-1000 genes y-75 genes |
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| patterns for genes on the x- chromosome, alleles denoted as subscripts on X, Y has no subscript |
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| mostly observed in males when recessive allele is rare, females with one recessive are carriers, males with one recessive always express it |
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| patterns for Y-chromosome, traits only appear in males |
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| genes on the same chromosome, linkage map shows the positions of genes on a chromosome |
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| any change in genetic material |
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| alternation of chromosome # or structure, can cause miscarriage or still birth |
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| 1 copy of a chromosome type |
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| has 3 copies of 1 chromosome type, down syndrome= extra chromosome 21 |
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| when separation falls in anaphase 1 or 2, cause of down syndrome |
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| changes affecting large sections of DNA, with many genes, 4 types |
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| translocation (structural mutations) |
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Definition
| section moves to another chromosome |
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| Inversions (structural mutations) |
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Definition
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| duplication (structural mutations) |
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| deletion (structural mutations) |
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