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bio 400
exam 2
24
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/22/2017

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Term
Glycolysis
Definition
splitting glucose in cytoplasm
Term
Anaerobic Respiration
Definition
no oxygen used, fermentation, no ETC
Term
Aerobic Respiration
Definition

3 stages, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

 

each stage produces ATP

 

uses oxygen

Term

Energy Investment

(glycolysis)

Definition

takes energy to make energy 

2 ATP's used to phosphorylate glucose

splits glucose into G-3-P

Term

Energy Releasing

(glycolysis)

Definition

2 NAD+ reduced to 2 NADH+H+

4 ATP's formed (net 2)

2 G-3-P moved through phase to pyruvate

Term
mitochondrial matrix
Definition
innermost compartment
Term
Bridge Reaction
Definition

pyruvate is partially oxidized 

releases a CO2

leaves an acetyl group

NAD to NADH+H

Term
Citric Acid Cycle
Definition

acetyl group is oxidized 

2 CO2 released

4 C acid regenerated

NAD+ & FAD reduced to NADH+H & FADH2

ATP produced- substrate level phosphorylation

Term
Alcohol Fermentation
Definition

makes CO2 and ethanol (no 02) from pyruvate

used by yeast when no O2 available

Term
Autotrophs
Definition
self- feeding organism
uses CO2 as carbon source
Term
photoautotroph
Definition
energy source is light
Term
chemoautotrophs
Definition
energy from inorganic chemicals
ex. underwater volcano releasing chemicals, deep sea vent
Term
heterotroph
Definition
fed by others
get carbon and energy by eating autotrophs or each other
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
conversion of light to chemical energy
Term
oxygenic photosynthesis
Definition
produces O2 as a by product
reverse of aerobic respiration
used by plants
2 stages
Term
light reactions
(oxygenic photosynthesis)
Definition
harvesting of light to produce ATP and NADPH
occurs in thylakoid membrane (innermost chloroplast membrane)
Term
chlorophylls
Definition
pigments used in oxygenic photosynthesis
flat part collects light
combine with membrane proteins to form photo stem
Term
photo phosphorylation
Definition
ETC synthase H+ gradient using light energy to power ATP synthase
photosystem 2
Term
cyclic photosynthesis
Definition
electron returns to the same photosystem
ETC makes ATP but no O2 or NADPH
photosystem 1
Term
non-cyclic photosynthesis- S producing
Definition
NADPH made but H2S is the electron donor so S is by product
Term
Calvin cycle
Definition
reactions that synthesize glucose from CO2
occurs in the chloroplast stroma (space between 2nd and 3rd membrane)
Term
Carbon fixation
Definition
CO2 is fixed attached to a organic molecule
the enzyme rubisco binds 3 CO2 molecules per cycle to 3 RuBP molecules
Term
Reduction
Definition
ATP is used, NADPH reduces the fixed C
Term
Regeneration
Definition
RuBP is regenerated
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