Term
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Definition
Highly branched tree, characteristic
architecture with long shoots and short
shoots; well-developed wood.
- Deciduous, fan-shaped leaves with
dichotomous venation.
- Dioecious: male and female trees.
o Male: “cone” with lateral stalks
bearing microsporangia.
o Female: no cone, axis with 2 ovules
(outer integument layer fleshy).
- Motile sperm (ancestral)[image] |
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Term
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Definition
aracteristic features:
- Monoecious trees, rarely shrubs; mostly
evergreen with a few deciduous taxa.
- Resin canals in wood and leaves.
- Leaves linear to needle-like.
- Large female cones with numerous,
spirally-arranged scales and two winged
seeds on each scale.
- Two inverted ovules.
- Small male cones; pollen dispersal by
wind; pollen usually with two appendages[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Pinus
- Needles in bundles.
- Cone scales thickened at the tip and often
armed with a prickle.[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristic features:
- Monoecious, subdioecious or (rarely)
dioecious shrubs and trees.
- Leaves scale-like to linear.
- Female cones: ovules 1-20 per cone scale;
cone scales fused to bracts.
- Male cones: microsporangia 2-10 per
microsporophyll; pollen without
appendages.[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Cupressaceae[image]
Required genus: Juniperus
- Female seed cones: distinctive, fleshy fruitlike
coalescing scales which fuse together
to form a “berry”.
- Many junipers have two types of leaves:
seedlings with needle-like leaves and
manture plants with tiny, overlapping
scale-like leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristic features:
- Dioecious, vesseless shrubs/small trees.
- Leaves alternate with stipules absent.
- Flowers: small, unisexual; actinomorphic,
perianth not differentiated; apocarpous;
with stigmatic crests (unfused).
- Stamens: numerous, filaments and anthers
undifferentiated.
- Fruit: ovoid red drupe, borne on a short
stalk.[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristic features:
- Aquatic, rhizomatous herbs.
- Stomates on top of peltate leaves; no
vessels.
- Often with milky sap (latex).
- Flowers: many parts; laminar stamens;
gynoecium syncarpous with 3 to many
carpels; floating; colorful perianth.
- Fruit: berry-like, dehiscent. Pollen
monosulcate.
- Perisperm (from the sporophyte).
- Beetle pollination syndrome; flowers
with various but strong scents; nectar
or pollen rewa[image]rd. |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristic features:
- Woody plants with showy flowers.
- 2-ranked simple leaves, paracytic
stomates.
- Perianth generally trimerous.
- Flowers: on elongated receptacle;
laminar stamens; carpels separate
(apocarpous) with superior ovary.
- Boat-shaped, monosulcate pollen.
- Fruit: aggregate of follicles (in
Magnolia) or winged samaras (in
Liriodendron); seeds with fleshy seed
coat/aril in many; minute embryo,
copious endosperm.[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Mainly terrestrial and some aquatic
herbs, vines and epiphytes; floating
aquatics.
- Leaves are often somewhat fleshy and
exhibit a more reticulate venation
pattern.
- Both raphide crystals and laticifers,
with a milky or watery sap (latex), are
common.
- Flowers: many, small; lacking extensive
perianth; carpels 2-3; if unisexual then
spatially separated in the inflorescence
or sometimes plants dioecious.
- Flowers are often smelly, exhibiting a
fly-pollination syndrome.
- Inflorescence: spadix subtended by a
spathe (a specialized leaf). [image] |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristic features:
- Perennial herbs, rarely branched, usually
with bulbs and contractile roots.
- Flowers: often large, bisexual and
actinomorphic; 6 distinct tepals, 3 carpels
in a superior ovary, 6 stamens; nectaries at
base of tepals; spots on tepals; extrorse
anthers.
- Fruit: a loculicidal capsule, sometimes a
berry.[image]
- No onion-like odor. |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristic features:
- Primarily epiphytes; some terrestrial
herbs, occasionally vines.
- Roots without root-hairs, but covered with
a special water-absorbing tissue
(velamen).
- Flowers: showy, usually resupinate, with
bilateral symmetry, the median inner tepal
is differentiated into a labellum (lip);
highly modified androecial and gynoecial
parts, fused into a column; pollen grouped
into soft or hard masses (pollinia) united
by a stalk into a pollinarium; ovary inferior
with parietal placentation.
- Fruit: a capsule dehiscing with (1-)3 or 6
slits; seeds tiny, dust-like.
- These plants are among the most
specialized of all angiosperm flowers.[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristic features:
- Perennial herbs, forming rhizomes, corms,
or bulbs.
- Leaves usually unifacial or terete, equitant.
- Flowers: radial or bilateral, showy; 6
tepals, outer tepals often differentiated
from inner; 3 stamens, opposite outer
tepals; 3 carpels fused into an inferior
ovary with usually axile placentation.
- Fruit: a loculicidal capsule, usually with
many brown seeds. [image] |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristic features:
- Bulb-forming herbs with basal, usually
narrow leaves.
- Flowers: Often showy, 6 tepals, 6 stamens,
3 connate carpels, ovary superior;
inflorescence umbellate;
- Fruit: a loculicidal capsule.
- Significant features: sulfur-containing
compounds (onion odor).[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristic features:
- Emergent aquatic rhizomatous herbs.
- Flowers: small, unisexual and on
monoecious plants; separated spatially on
dense, compact spicate or globose
inflorescences, staminate flowers above
and pistillate below; placentation apical.
- Plants are rhizomatous with long, slender
leaves.
Required taxa: Typha
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Characteristic features:
- Most species are perennial, rarely annuals.
- Rhizomatous herbs, stems round and solid.
- Flowers: 6 distinct tepals, 3 carpels in
superior ovary; 6 stamens, usually in 2
whorls, alternating with tepals. The
flowers are actinomorphic, typically
bisexual, or rarely female.
- Fruit: a loculicidal capsule.
- Seeds have a copious starchy endosperm
and a straight embryo.
- Leaves are 3-ranked, and sheaths are
usually open.[image]
Required taxa: Juncus |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristic features:
- Rhizomatous herbs, stems usually
triangular in cross section and solid.
- Flowers: with 1 subtending bract; tepals
absent or reduced to 3-6 scales or hairs;
stamens 1-3; carpels 2-3 in superior ovary;
wind-pollinated.
- Fruit: an achene (nutlet).
- Inflorescence a complex group of
apikelets; leaf sheaths closed, ligule
lacking; silica bodies conical.
Required taxa: Carex
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Required taxa: Carex
- Presence of the perigynium (a sac-like
bract surrounding the female flower) in
addition to the subtending bract; this
persists and surrounds the fruit.
- Leaves usually with a ligule.
- Ecologically important, especially in
wetlands.[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristic features:
- Primarily herbs, often rhizomatous; “trees”
in most bamboos; stems are called culms,
hollow or solid
- Flowers: small petals reduced to lodicules;
typically 3 stamens, 3 carpels, but
appearing as 2.
- Each flower enclosed by two bracts (palea
and lemma) = floret.
- One to many florets are aggregated into
spikelets, each with usually 2 empty bracts
(glumes) at the base.
- Leaves with a ligule.
- Fruit: a caryopsis.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristic features:
- Herbs (sometimes shrubs or vines)
with dissected (toothed or lobed)
leaves.
- Wide range of floral diversity and
pollination syndromes.
- Flowers: receptacle short to elongated,
parts in spirals; tepals 4 to many;
stamens numerous; 5+ free carpels
- Fruit usually an aggregate of follicles or
achenes.[image] |
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