Term
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Definition
When more than one gene and the environment contribute to
the phenotype. |
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Definition
Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not linked to the
DNA sequence. |
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Definition
An area within the study of genetics that investigates the
morphology and location of genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long, thin, uncondensed form of DNA. |
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Definition
| Interaction of two or more amino acid chains and also possible linkage with additional elements. |
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Definition
| A technique in which chromosomes are stained, arranged in homologous pairs, and photographed to see if any chromosomes or chromosome pieces are missing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenine and guanine are 2 ring nitrogen bases known as ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific time in the cell cycle when proteins are made and organelles are copied. |
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Term
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Definition
| This term describes that the two sides of the ladder that is DNA run in opposite directions. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of cell is represented as either an egg or sperm in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Because the X and Y chromosomes are not the same length and do not carry the same genetic information, but are still seen as a pair these chromosomes are termed ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| When both twins have a particular trait it is called _________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fraternal twins are also called ___ twins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A period in cell division where a cleavage furrow forms and the cytoplasm divides |
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Term
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Definition
| A syndrome that occurs through paternal inheritance of a genetic error causing increased levels of gherlin and decreased mental capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
| An error in a small organelle, which does not contain the proper digestive enzymes, can cause _____, a disease which causes death at an early age. |
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Term
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Definition
| All of the proteins found in a particular cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process that starts with a DNA molecule and ends with a functional mRNA molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| A testing mechanism that uses a fiberoptic camera to see the developing child in realtime in the uterine cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| he branch of genetics dealing with inheritance patterns is called _______. |
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Term
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Definition
| A time when cohesin dissolves and the chromatids begin to separate as spindle fibers pull toward the poles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion at the end of a chromosome that shortens with each nuclear division. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pieces made during DNA replication on the lagging strand are called ___ fragments. |
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Term
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Definition
| The organelle, which helps to eliminate cellular destruction or toxicity when the intermediate by-product H2O2, is broken down, is __. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical group that are produced at a steady rate by a cell and at a specific concentration, allow activation of MPF. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease transmitted by a dominant gene that is neurodegenerative and leads to cognitive decline and loss of muscle coordination. |
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Term
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Definition
| The easiest way to analyze the transmission of a genetic trait in humans is through ___ analysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene’s location on a chromosome is called its ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| A time in the cell when DNA replicates, resulting in 92 molecules of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| A __ is added at the 3’ end to add stability to mRNA during post-transcriptional processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| When only one twin has a particular trait it is called _________. |
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Term
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Definition
| One half of a replicated chromosome is called a __. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first phase of mitosis when the nuclear membrane breaks down and centrioles move to the poles of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The enzyme responsible for sealing fragments together during DNA replication of the lagging strand. |
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Term
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Definition
| When several ribosomes associate with one mRNA strand allowing the same amino acid chain to be made simultaneously it is called a ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosome with the centromere placed near one end is labeled __. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease in which an amino acid cannot be digested leading to brain cell death and eventual death if diet is not changed. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that allows proper nucleotide bonding during transcription is ______. |
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Term
| Human Growth Hormone (HGH) |
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Definition
| A genetically engineered product that can be given to children who are not growing as they should is _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area upstream of the gene where transcriptional factors bind to DNA’s template strand. |
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Term
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Definition
| If a cell does not pass the gap one checkpoint it goes into __, a non-dividing, resting state. |
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Term
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Definition
| This strand can replicate continuously during DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| A(n) __ cell does not have a true number of chromosomal sets. |
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Term
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Definition
| The actual structure tested when testing a female gamete as to not destroy the egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein found in red blood cells composed of 2 α and 2 β chains as well as 4 iron elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organelle in human cells containing its own DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of creating an amino acid chain through actions at a ribosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area where DNA wraps differently and where sister chromatids are held together is called the ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha helix, beta pleating, and gamma turns are examples of __. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first hormone developed through genetic technology, which allows many individuals to live longer and with improved quality of life, is __. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ is the scientist who discovered that parents give “factors” to their offspring as a result of his studies of pea plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sex cell is __ because it has N number of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| tRNA contains an acceptor stem and a(n) __ sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| This enzyme helps to create the workbench by allowing the RNA primer to be created. |
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Term
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Definition
| One ring nucleotide bases like cytosine and uracil are called ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that a person develops in a certain fashion solely because of his/her genetic material is termed _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientist who developed the rules that A+G=T+C, A=T, and G=C. |
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Term
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Definition
| The end of the DNA molecule with an exposed sugar is called the __ end. |
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Term
| Maturation Promoting Factors (MPF) |
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Definition
| These start mitosis by helping to dissolve the nuclear membrane, condense the nucleotide sequence and begin spindle fiber formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| __ carry the same genetic information and are the same length. |
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Term
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Definition
Because a body cell has the 2N number of chromosomes it is referred to
as ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Facilitates proper complimentary base pairing during DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| This structure is added to the 5’ end of mRNA during post-transcriptional processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organelle that produces phospholipids and steroids, detoxifies poisons and drugs, and helps regulate calcium ions is the _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| This tiny organelle is the site of formation of an amino acid chain during translation. |
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Term
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Definition
| During DNA replication, this cannot be replicated continuously because of the limitations of DNA polymerase. |
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Term
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Definition
| As DNA winds around histones, the structure formed by 8 wound histones is a(n) _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| ________ is done soon after a child’s birth and tests for things that are fixable with medication or diet like PKU. |
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Term
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Definition
| A syndrome that occurs through maternal inheritance of a genetic error causing increased euphoric, spastic movements and decreased mental capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes 1 through 22 are known as the ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of testing done throughout a woman’s pregnancy that came out of sonar technology and is extremely safe is ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| A time in the cell when the spindle fibers break down, the nuclear membrane begins to form again, and the chromosomes have finished moving. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shortened, condensed DNA molecules are called ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| __ involves division of a cell’s genetic material for growth and repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diploid cell with 2N chromosomes is known as a ___ cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosome made up of 2 sister chromatids is said to be __. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identical twins are said to be ___ because they are created from a single zygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| When more than one gene contributes to a phenotype that phenotype is said to be ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| A testing method during which a sample of the amniotic fluid is taken out of the mother for further testing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A time in the cell when the chromosomes align at the equator due to spindle fiber action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pairs of these help to organize a cell’s microtubular structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| This enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| This three base sequence can be found on a functional mRNA molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| During this time, a cellular inventory is taken and the checkpoint following this time regulates passage into mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of bond that forms between neighboring amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of __ allows researchers to study gene products and the actions of these products. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process that occurs during synthesis. |
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