Term
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Definition
| species in which the organism has either male or female reproductive structures. Humans are said to be this. |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that bear both male and female reproductive structures |
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Term
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Definition
| chrom. that determine the sex of an organism. They differ between males and females. |
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Term
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Definition
| nonsex chromosomes. The same for males and females. |
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Term
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Definition
| Females have two X (XX) and males have X (XO represents missing chr) |
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Term
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Definition
| males produce two different types of gametes. (XX and XO) |
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Term
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Definition
| produce games that are all the same with respect to the sex chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| females have XX males have XY. The female is homogametic and male is heterogametic. |
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Term
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Definition
| although the X and Y chr are not generally homologous they do pair and segregate into different cells in meiosis. The pseudoautosomal region is located at the tip of the X and Y chr. |
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Term
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Definition
| The female is heterogametic and the male is homogametic. The females are ZW and males are ZZ. After meiosis half of the eggs have a Z and other have a W. |
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Term
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Definition
| found in insects, they have no sex chromosomes but sex is based on the number of chr sets found in the nucleus. Males develop from unfertilized eggs and females develop from fertilized eggs. Males (n) and females (2n) |
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Term
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Definition
| genotypes at one or more loci determine the sex of an individual plant or protozoan. |
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Term
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Definition
| determined by individual genes. |
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Term
| sequential hermaphroditism |
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Definition
| a sexual development by which an individual animal can be both male and female but not at the same time. |
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Term
| sex determination in Dropsophilia melanogaster. |
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Definition
| has eight chromosomes (3 pairs autosomes and 1 pair sex). The female is XX and male is XY but in this case Y does not determine sex. Instead it is determined by the autosome and X ratio. Autosomes contain genes with male producing effects where X contains gemes with female producing effects. |
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Term
| sex determination in humans |
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Definition
| the presence of a gene SRY on the Y determines maleness. |
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Term
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Definition
| female but develop secondary male characteristics.Low hairline broad chest and folds of skin. Most are sterile. People with this syndrome only contain one X (XO). No cases with no X's are known. |
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Term
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Definition
| have cells with one or more Y and multiple X's. Male but with small testes and reduced facial hair. Taller than normal and sterile. |
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Term
| Morgan's results of Dropsophilia flies. |
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Definition
| results of a pure breeding red eyed female with his white eyes male produced all red. This is consistent with Mendel's theory of a homozygous dominant and recessive individual producing heterozygous offspring. When he crossed the F1 together and found that half the males had white eyes and all females were red. Proposeds that eye color is on the female X chrom. |
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Term
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Definition
| when males can only carry a single allele (such as eye color) because of the Y chr they contain. |
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Term
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Definition
| the two X chrom. in the female fail to separate in anaphase I. half of the eggs receive |
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Term
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Definition
| the genotype does not always produce the expected phenotype. Usually caused by a dominant allele |
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Term
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Definition
| the percentage of individuals having a particular genotype that expresses the expected phenotype. Example 38/42=90% express a trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a character is expressed. Polydactyly could have a full extra finger or just a flap of skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| causes death at an early stage of development, so some genotypes do not appear in the progeny |
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Term
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Definition
| there may be two alleles at a loci but only one is expressed. The genotype of the individual still consists of two alleles. |
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Term
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Definition
| the effect of a gene interaction is that one gene mask the effectof another gene at a different locus. |
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Term
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Definition
| the differential expression of genetic material depending on whether it is inherited from the male or female parent. Always inherited from only one parent. |
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Term
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Definition
| when the phenotype of the heterozygote is not intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygote rather the heterozygote simultaneously expresses both phenotypes. Example in MN or ABO blood group. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pictorial representation of a family history. |
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Term
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Definition
| why the pedigree is made and is designated by an arrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| mating between closely related people |
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Term
| Autosomal recessive trait |
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Definition
appears in both sexes equally
tends to skip generations
affected offspring are usually born to unaffected parents. |
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Term
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Definition
appears in both sexes with equal frequency
both sexes transmit the trait to their offspring.
does not skip generations. unaffected parents do not transmit the trait. |
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Term
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Definition
more males than females affected because males inherit x from mother. affected sons are borm to unaffected mothers. never passed father to son.
All daughters of affected fathers are carriers. |
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Term
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Definition
both females and males affected, often more females than males are affected.
does not skip generations. affected sons must have an affected mother. affected fathers will pass the trait on to all their daughters. |
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Term
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Definition
| only males are affected. passed from father to all sons. does not skip generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| when two separate eggs are fertilized by two different sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| reuslt when a single egg fertilized by a single sperm splits into two different embryos. Have 100% of their genetic data in common. |
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Term
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Definition
| the percentage of twin pairs that are concordant for a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| both members of a twin pair have a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| if only one member of the pair has the trait |
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Term
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Definition
| a person does not inherit obesity but rather inherits the disposition toward a particular body weight. |
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Term
| constraints on the genetic study of human traits |
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Definition
| inability to conduct controlled crosses, long generation time, small famly size and the difficulty of separating genetic and environmental influencees. |
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Term
| concordance in monozygotic twins |
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Definition
| indicates environmental influences on a trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| always refers to genes at the same locus and can be understood in regard to how the phenotype of the heterozygote relates to the phenotypes of the homozygotes. |
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