Term
|
Definition
single celled eukaryotes
not animals
do what animals do in single celled form
have organelles
Protists |
|
|
Term
| what is the step from single to multi celled organisms? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
theory of where protists originate
bacterium swallows another aerobic bacterium |
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Term
| two innovations that occur as a result of the endosymbiont theory |
|
Definition
nucleus surrounded by a membrane
organelle that can break C-C bonds and be used as an energy source to generate ATP |
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Term
| in endosymbiont theory , the areobic bacteria swallowed becomes the __________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| evidence that mitochondria is of bacterial origin |
|
Definition
circular DNA, has own DNA
double membrane system and inner membrane retains bacterial like properties in terms of its lipids, no histones,
uses small ribosomes which are bacterial for transciption and translation |
|
|
Term
| what is evidence that mitochondria came before the chloroplast? |
|
Definition
plants need to make the suns energy into C-C bonds and THEN
still need mitochondria to break the C-C bonds
if chloroplast was first (or cyanobacteria) would not have been able to generate the energy to make use of sun energy
cannot generate ATP directly from light
mitochondria taps into energy |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| with mitochondria, eukaryotes have a functional advantage over bacteria, which causes this class of organisms to |
|
Definition
diversify
also due to breaking of land masses |
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Term
| why are protozoans hard to classify taxonomically? |
|
Definition
| too small for morphological meatures |
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Term
| the functionala dvantage that protozoans have over bacteria |
|
Definition
| have an organelle that creates energy |
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|
Term
| how to mitochondri make ATP |
|
Definition
oxidative phosphoryltion
uses oxygen |
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|
Term
| why do protozoans "live the good life"? |
|
Definition
N watses can diffuse out
O can diffuse in
can diffuse nutrients into the cytolasm
water and salt balance regulated by diffusion
ideal S:V ratio |
|
|
Term
| why do protozoans "live the good life"? |
|
Definition
N watses can diffuse out
O can diffuse in
can diffuse nutrients into the cytolasm
water and salt balance regulated by diffusion
ideal S:V ratio |
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|
Term
| Trichocysts are used for this in cilliates |
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Definition
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Term
| Another name for a protozoan eyespot |
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Definition
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|
Term
| cilia beat with this type of wave |
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Definition
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Term
| During conjugation, this nucleus fuses to form the synkaron |
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Definition
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Term
| compared to cillia,, flagella are this |
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Definition
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Term
| Not all amoubas are naked, some live inside these |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of fission in protists that creates 2 identical daughter cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Undigested food exists from the same point on a cilliate, it is referred to as this |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Food always enters at the same poitn on a cilliate, it is referred to as this |
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Definition
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|
Term
| amoebas consume this type of food by phagocytosis |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The process of "sexual" reproduction in cilliates |
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Definition
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Term
| The more solid of the two protoplasm states in the amoeba |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Another name for a basal body of the cillium |
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Definition
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Term
| This is the more fluid of the two types of protoplasm found in an amoueba |
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Definition
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|
Term
| amoebas use these too move |
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Definition
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Term
| Process describing ingestion of rich organic food by protozoans |
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Definition
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Term
| This "cap" is found at he advancing edge of a pseudopod |
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Definition
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Term
| In ciliates, once the nuclear material has been exchanged, the conjugants separate and are now called these |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| These cillia on a ciliates body are not involved in feeding and are referred to as this type of ciliature |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Although ancestrally they may have had more, almost all protozoan flagellates have this many flagella |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Like the muscles in higher animals, amoebas also depend on contractile proteins, calcium and this for movement |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The part of an amoeba where endoplasm is converted to ectoplasm |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the nuber of conjugants involved in conjugation in ciliates |
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Definition
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|
Term
| higher taxon that includes all protozoans |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This nucleus is the larger of the two different nucei found in ciliates |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This anchors the flagella in the body wall of a flagellate |
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Definition
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|
Term
| SIngle cillia often fise to form this kind of flagella |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| One of the two ways that the flagella of a mastigophoran beats |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The part of the amoeba where the ectoplasm is converted back into the endoplasm |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This type of fission creates more than two daughter cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Mastigophorans use these for locomotion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| most common type of reproduction in protozoans |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| conjugation is a unique way of mixing this fromm two conjugates |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| initially, the pH of a phagosome is this |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| in the deepst ocean the shells of amoebas can only be made of this |
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Definition
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|
Term
| another name for a contractile vessicle is this kind of expulsion vessicle |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the double nuclear envelope suggest? |
|
Definition
| the genetic material was once a form of prokaryotic symbiont |
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Term
|
Definition
unicellular "animals"
specialized organelles
undulopodia( cilia, flagella) |
|
|
Term
| cilia and flagella have this in common in their structure |
|
Definition
9+2 microtubule arrangement
central pair is axoneme
atp burned, arms slide past each other
bends structure and creates movement |
|
|
Term
| phagocytosis occurs here on a ciliate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cilia
kinetostomes imbedded and attached to pellicle
dimorphic nuclei (one micro and up to many macro nuclei)
conjugation (sexual)
binary fission (asexual) |
|
|
Term
| freshwater protists are ______________ to the surrounding water |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
osmoregulatory organelle
network of collecting tubules
energy from mitochondria pumps water into the tublules from the cytoplasm
fuses with outer plasma membrane to create pore |
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|
Term
| S:V ratio supply and demand |
|
Definition
| demand is by volume of organism for material needed for biochemical reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
has surface area to support the volume of the organism (bugger things have bigger demands)
flat surface has a limit to rate of exhange **** |
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|
Term
| reynolds number based on these two forces |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| mass and momentum keeps in motion |
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Term
|
Definition
| organelle fired by protists for defense |
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Term
|
Definition
vessicles under the cell membrane that make the pellicle
shows relationship btw ciliates |
|
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Term
|
Definition
sexual fusion of two different gametes
evolved the macro and micro gametes possibly
conjugation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
defines the apicomplexa
used to penetrate skin to enter host
malaria |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| inner structure of cillia or flagella |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| thin pseudopods responsible for phacocytocis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a channel connecting the surface with the cytoplasm in protozoans |
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Term
|
Definition
actin filament exptending past the lamellipodia
adheres to substrate, may take chemical cues to direct locomotion (chemotaxis?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protozoan
apical complex
parasite with complex life cycle
haploid undergoes schizogony
gametes fuse to make micro and macro
diploid oocyst forms
sporogony occurs (meosis in oocyst)
spores infect next host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar structures arise in different unrelated groups under similar circumstances/selective pressures |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| single tribed all animals from a single ancestor common evolutionary descent group includes ancestor |
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Term
|
Definition
| many tribed group two or more different lineages in a taxon may not include ancestor of either |
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Term
|
Definition
maintaining a contant intracellular solute concentration
done by water expusion vessicles ( contractile vacuoles |
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|
Term
| S;V ratio of protozoans good for _____________ but bad for ____________ |
|
Definition
| processes and diffusion, Reynolds number |
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|
Term
| traditional taxonomy was based on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ciliates are unique enough that their taxonomic group.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 9+2 doublets, made of mictotubules, dyenin arms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protozoan
food groove
flagella put food in groove
Euglena, disicristata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protozoans
based only on molecular
foraminifera, actinopods, |
|
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Term
|
Definition
protozoans
single flagella OR amebozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pull motor flagella
ex:Euglena |
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|
Term
|
Definition
protozoans
complex folding of plasma membrane
ciliates and apicomplexa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protozoans
chromalveolates
pellicle
cilliary mvmt
conjugation
multinucleated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protozoans
chromalveolates
apical complex identifies and penetrates host
parasitic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not protozoans
plastids
2 flagella
secondary symbiosis to add chloroplast after mitochondria
single celled plant like organisms |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the derived trait or condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
beat in unison to move
some do power and some recovery
smooth and agile motion
metachronal wave |
|
|
Term
| why are power and recovery strokes t right angles to each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
change in cytoplasm states
ectoplasm-firm
endoplasm-liquid
hyaline cap on end harderns and incorporated into cell wall
liquifies at back |
|
|
Term
| how does amoeba change direction? |
|
Definition
| attaches myosin motors elsewhere |
|
|
Term
| biochemical way amoeba moves |
|
Definition
actin filaments at front extend
attracts myosin motors
motor moves along the front, drags cytoplasm with it
cytoplasm has no actin and therefore is liquid and can move |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lobopod (amoeba)
axopods (axoneme) (mictotubule in it)(myosin crawls along the large axomene)
net types |
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|
Term
| taxonomy based on mitochondria |
|
Definition
diferrent shapes (disk, rod)
absent may indicate lost, as oxidative phosphorylation still present (processes from mitochondria) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
eukaryote version of prokaryote operons
initiation factors fold DNA into regulator region
single regulatory regions advantageous
fusions used in taxonoy cause sequences too hard to use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
photosynthetic
far from flagellates on tree
chloroplasts (uses when no food)
flagella casts shadow on eyespot
unikont
opisthokint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flagellum folded back, made undulating membrane
swims in blood, tsetse fly, sleeping sickness
compromises blood, less oxygen, fatigue |
|
|
Term
| why are amoebas in the unikonts? |
|
Definition
alternates between flagellate and ameboid lifecycle
when flagellar mvmt is present is opisthokint (push) |
|
|
Term
| most important member of opisthocont group |
|
Definition
| choanoflagellates ( ancestor to animals) |
|
|
Term
| why is apicomplexa with the chromalveolates( folded membrane group) |
|
Definition
| apical complex is a folded membrane system |
|
|
Term
| why do paramecium have fixed structures? |
|
Definition
| holes would wreck the cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| back and forth motion only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| largest group in the chromalveolates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary symbiosis in chromalveolates results in |
|
Definition
| double and triple membraned plastids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| openings in pellicle for cillia to come through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anchors the cillia inside the pellice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attach all the cillia under the pellice |
|
|
Term
| evolutionary consequence of pellicle |
|
Definition
fixed structure/form and fixed organs
cant put holes everywhere for food vacuole, would weaken integrity of the pellicle |
|
|
Term
| food grove in the paramecium is not like the food groove in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is a paramecium a chromalveolate |
|
Definition
| has a folded membrane system that forms the pellicle, used to put cillia everywhere |
|
|
Term
| molecularo motor of amebozoid movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| molecular motor of undulopod movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cilliates are in this of 5 major classification groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amoebozoa and opisthocont (flagella mvmt) in this of the 5 major groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeding on liquids that contain dissolved nutrients |
|
|
Term
| why do paramecium need a vacuole? |
|
Definition
| without, cell would eat itself |
|
|
Term
| process in paramecium feeding |
|
Definition
| food enters vacuole, fuses with lysosome, broken down to monomers that pass thru cell membrane, glucose goes to mitochondria where goes through Krebs cycle, glycolysis occurs, ATP make |
|
|
Term
| paramecium has this kind of digestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes break down food before it enters into the cells (ex in digestive tract) |
|
|
Term
| does digestive tract mean extracellular digestion? |
|
Definition
| No, cnidatians and other exceptions |
|
|
Term
| vacuoles work under which pH? |
|
Definition
both acidic and alkaline
acidic always first
has set of enzymes for each condition |
|
|
Term
| undigested residue leaves by ___________ through the _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| paramecium shows the beginnings of a _______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| marine protozoans are ________ to their environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| freshwater protozoans are ____________ to their environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| freshwater protozoan osmoregulatory helpers |
|
Definition
water expulsion vessicle
pellicle maintains strength of wall |
|
|
Term
| how water expulsion vessicle works |
|
Definition
| arms that lead to main vessicle fill with water , ATP used to pump to main vessicle, system fills and collapses, exit through excretory pore |
|
|
Term
| nitrogenous wastes in protozoans leaves by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thread like super cillia
ex:euplotes uses to walk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lots of 9+2 microtubules surrounded by common plasma membrane, can be long and undulating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
algae
diatoms
cilliates
apicomplexa |
|
|
Term
| pellicle requires lots of ATP to maintain therefore we see lots of these lining it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contractile
actin and myosin
intracellular muscle fibre **
(not dissolving like amoeba)
ex:Vorticella-ciliophora |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ciliates
larger nucleus
polyploid
daily functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cilliates
copy of genome set aside for conjugation |
|
|
Term
| all unused nuclear material in conjugation is broken down and used for |
|
Definition
| later rebuilding of nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new fused micronucleus that is the product of conjugation |
|
|
Term
| macronucleus is degenerated and later rebuilt..unique process in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
actinopods c central microtubule
like amoeba in a shell
silica (radiolaria)
caco3 (foraminifera) (chalk) |
|
|
Term
| rhizaria solved problem of |
|
Definition
mineralization-extracting form environment
same principles later seen in bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymerizations and depolymerizations |
|
|
Term
| ammonia needs to be removed because it.... |
|
Definition
| shuts down the krebs cycle, wouldnt be able to make AT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phhyletic trees that are paraphyletic and polyphyletic are not made _______________ |
|
Definition
| intentionally. they are a result of molecular evidence found later |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| derived trait in one group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primitive trait shared with other groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primitive trait in a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived trait shared with other groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traits that define a group |
|
|
Term
autapomorphies of animalia
(need them all together) |
|
Definition
multicellular eukaryotes
heterotroph
cells with dif functions
choanocytes
collagen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glue that holds cells together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collonial choanocytes innovation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non existant because no oral/aboral (mouth-no mouth axis) so cannot apply these terms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
asymetric body plan
cells but no tissues
choanocytes in an aquiferous system
totipotent cells |
|
|
Term
| porifera cells are totipotent, they have a ______________________ that has not been shut down and therefore they can _________________ |
|
Definition
| genetic system, regenerate |
|
|
Term
| this type of symmetry has sensory organs at the front |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parazoa have cells in sheets, glued with collagen, but are missing these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tightly glued outer sheat of cells on Profera that prevents stuff gettign in, has porocytes in some |
|
|
Term
| gelatinous middle layer in Porifera, where the amoebocytes move around |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spongogytes secrete__________ |
|
Definition
| spongin (protinaceous support structure) |
|
|
Term
| glass sponge architecture |
|
Definition
glass spicules make a choanocyte chamber
chambers made from a syncidium of material not individual choanocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
solid form of Porifera larva
no distinction btw macro and micromeres
outside is flagellated cells that make the choanocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hollow ball Porifera larva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| archeocytes, scherocytes, spongocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this part of the amphiblastula has the flagella. it will become ____________________ |
|
Definition
| micromeres, the choanocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived trait with in a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primitive trait within a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived trait shared with other groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primitive trait shared with other goups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trait that defines a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chambers in glass sponge architecture
like a sheet stretched out, made from glass spicules
chambers made from a syncitium of material, not choanocytes |
|
|
Term
| similarity between sponge embryo and higher animal embryology |
|
Definition
hollow ball stage (blastocoel)
macro and micromeres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
commom cytoplasm btw all the cells
protoplasm has many nuclei,all share same cytoplasm
multicellular appearance |
|
|
Term
| nature of the ____________ detrmines major sponge classes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6 sided spicule structure
can contain monaxons etc..
glass sponges always have hexaxon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 sided spicule
common in Caco3 sponges
calcareous triaxons common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not a real spicule but another class of sponge based on this architecture
spongocytes make protein mesh
mesohyl in spaces in between |
|
|
Term
| first group to have cell junctione between cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| first cell junctions in Placazoans look like this |
|
Definition
| protein comlex that glues membranes together, no microtubules yet, no basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| term used to describe cell junctions in invertebrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 epithelium (cell layers glued together)
layers are fibrous cellular syncitium
mesenchyme matrix in between
oil drips in top layer |
|
|
Term
| oily driplets on ventral surface of Parazoans |
|
Definition
possibly for orientation
made by metabolic processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phagocytocis
food pre-liquified by gand cells that secrete digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
| whan Placazoan looks like a gastrula |
|
Definition
when feeding will completely surround food particle
form a ball with endo and ectoderm
digestive enzymes secreted on the inside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can ber stinger or sticky thread
fired by cnidocyte when cnidocil touched by organic matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of budding
creates stacks of ephyra in the strobilus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cnidocytes
planula larva
epitheliomusculature |
|
|
Term
| in cnidarians, endoderm is modified _________________ used for ________________ |
|
Definition
| epithelium, used for digestion |
|
|
Term
| cnidarians have an incomplete gut. this means they have no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
based on diploblasty
hydrostatic skeleton |
|
|
Term
| hydrostatic skeleton is a soulution to having do |
|
Definition
| mesoderm (because mesoderm will make muscles) |
|
|
Term
| anthozoans have no _______________________ on the cnidocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is the nematocyst in anthozoans
coiled in a spiral
loaded spring
sticky not barbed |
|
|
Term
| non penetrating and sticky nematocysts paralzye with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anthozoans
sticky kind
folded up not spiraled |
|
|
Term
| 2 mechanisms for the firing of a cnidocyte |
|
Definition
kinetic effects ( grows in capsule, zince keeps from firing early)
or
calcium stabilized with ionic bonds, makes isotonic env until release, water rushes in and creates osmotic pressures to squeeze out nematocyst (water builds and pressure forms) |
|
|
Term
| when a nematocyst id fired it turns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cnidocyte fires at this speed |
|
Definition
| 2 m/s ( g force of 40,000 G) |
|
|
Term
| how does calcium stabilize cnidocyte? |
|
Definition
| Used in ionic bonds, protein protein interactions, all the calcium is sequestered.hen released makes a high ionic concentration that causes water to come in |
|
|
Term
| four nematocyst functions |
|
Definition
food capture (sting and entangle)
defence( sting)
locomotion ( looping, grab substrate)
penetration and toxin delivery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epitheliomuscular out (long)
epithelionutritive in (circle)
hydrostatic skeleton
ancestral-medusa comes later
gastrovascular cavity
incomplete gut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensory structure
mostly around mouth in polyps, no major structural sensory organs until swimming stage
made from ectoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hard (true) coral / anemone symmetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified radial symmetry with paired structures on the body plan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at end of incomplete septum |
|
|
Term
| how incomplete septum works |
|
Definition
constant current, flagellar band
phagocytic cells in the folds
current mixes food, digestive enzymes released to break down more until small enough
(flow, circulating, cnidocytes to subdue,phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tube of gastrovascular cavity that connects hard corals (colonial anthozoans).Living part of the connection. |
|
|
Term
| ctenephora autapomorphies |
|
Definition
colloblast cells
ctene
aboral organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unique sticky discharge cells found in the tentacles of ctenophorans. They are used to capture prey, and although colloblasts resemble cnidocytes, this is a convergent trait making the two analogous structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fused cilia used by ctenophorans for locomotion. The comb rows are arranged in bands connected to the apical organ that coordinates the beat of the comb rows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This unique locomotory structure is found in the Ctenophora and is made up of fused cilia arranged into flattened plates. The ctenes are then organized into eight bands that run between the oral to aboral surface of the animal |
|
|
Term
| The layer between the inner and outer tissue layers of a cnidarian (not a tissue) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A true nematocyst injects proteins and this toxic compund when it penetrates its prey |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastrozooids in a hydrozoan colony |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This non-living structure surrounds the gonozooid of a thecate hydrozoan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Like the trigger of a gun, this structure is responsable for firing the cnidarians cnidocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a statocyst always contains one of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lobe in an anthozoan incomplete septa where you would find the cnidocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dactylozooids are specialized for this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one of the consequences of not having any mesoderm means that you dont have these either |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ALthough it is Hydrozoan, Hydra is missing this stage of the hydrozoan life cycle. It is thought to be an adaptation to living in fresh water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cnidarian bodies organized at this grade, but stil do no have organ systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the energy required to fire the nematocyst forms as the organelle develops- the ______________ hypothesis for cnidocyte firing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cnidarian cell type that develops into a cnidocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a schyphozoan, the schyphystome is all that remains of this stage that is usually found in the cnidarian life cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epitheliomusculature cells found on this side of a cnidarian body wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corals and other anthozoans sit on this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small medusa form on this central rod found in some gonozooids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medusa dominates in this cnidarians life cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these cells secrete digestive enzymes into the digestive cavity of a cnidarian |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gas filled modified polyp in the Portugese Man o War is this type of polyp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the perisarc living material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| embryonic tissue layer missing in a diploblast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in this cnodarian class, medusa and polyp phases are equally important |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| colonoal hydrozoans resemble plants, and the roots that connect the plants are called this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| once planula settles it turns into this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to fire the nematocyst, the permiability of the cnidoctye cell is changed in some way. This process is referred to as this hypothesis for cnidocyte firing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this part of a plant is most like the hydrocalous o a hydrozoan colony |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the thecate hydrozoans, the gastrozooid is surrounded by this non living structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as the medusa contracts, this structure decreases the opening though which water is expelled. it is also characteristic of a hydrozoan medusa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water enters an asconoid sponge through this special sponge cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the flagellar cells of the developing larval schyphan sponge move toward the outside in a process called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compared to asconoid and syncoid sponges, leuconoid sponges haev _____________oscula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A protinaceous sponge spicule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describes the plasticity of sponge cells and how different seemingly specialized types cna change into others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the microvilli of these cells form this part of the choanocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the name for the unique six sided spicule of glass sponges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| taxonomic level of the Porifera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this structure is lined with choanocytes in an asconoid spong but are missing from the same cavity in syncoid form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name for the outer layer of cells in sponge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sponges are organized at this grade |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sponge cell that produces the spicules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a synconoid sponge the choanocytes are found here |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the opening, in all types of sponge architectures, that water pumped by the sponge exits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in leuconoid sponges the choanocytes are found here |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reduction bodies in sponges are also called this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an amphiblastula is this stage in some sponge life cycles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describes multicellular animals that lack issue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this hollow larval stage of some sponges resembles the developmental stage of higher animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| although it is not a tissue, because sponges dont have them, the cells lining the spongocoel are collectively called this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these large cells found in the larval stage of some sponges will form the outer choanoderm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sponge spicules can be divided into two types- the small microscleres that reinforce or pack the sponge body and these larger spicules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you were a sponge taxonomist, you would spend alot of time examining these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compared to the hollow coeloblastula, the parenchymula larva in a sponge is best described as this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sponges are becoming of interest because not only do they protect themselves with spicules they also produce these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These highly mdified parapodia create and hold on to the mucus bag in the filter feeding polychaete Chaetopterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood in the dorsal vessel of a worm always moves towards this part of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because the chlorogogen tissue is involved in intermediary metabolism, it is anologous to this human structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an eaarthworms sperm is store din the seminal ___________ prior to mating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in marine worms, the gonads form on these walls between each metamere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these chitinous rods help support the parapodia of marine worms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of fluid you would find in the metanephridia and the coelemoducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these structures on the funnel of the metanephridia pump the coelomic fluid into the nephridia of an annelid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| circulatory system of an annelid is this type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in annelids, structures made from this embryonic tissue are not metamerically arranged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| although its the most anterior part of an earthworm, it is not a true segment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this structure increases the surface area of an earthworms digestive system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these structures are important in locomotion and gas exchange in marine worms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is the upper part of marine polychaete worms parapodium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in additio to fluid through the metnephridia, coelomic fluid in annelids also reaches the outside though this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the number of pairs of testes in an earthworm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ingested calcareous rocks and stones are dissolved by this kind of pH in an intestine of an earthworm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| marine worms dont have these permanent organs, instead they develop only during breeding season |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why there are 3 parts of an annelid that arent segments can be found in this larval stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what you find inside the pharynx of a nereid worm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pygidium is at this end of an annelid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the specialized axons in an earthowrm that help them escape into their burrows |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in leeches, the coelomic cavity has been reduced to spaces referred to as these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ______esophogeal ganglion is also called the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| opening found on annelids pygidium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the extra rings of a leech |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parapodia are involved in locomatory and this function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the repeating units in an earthworm have this type of homology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the number of pairs of seminal vessicles in an earthworm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where you would fing the sub esophogeal ganglion relative to the esophhagus in a worm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| earthowrm has this number of paired setae on each body segment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relative to the nerve chord, youll find the ventral blood vessel in an earthworm here |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| free swimming marine worms are referred to as being this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the metal found at the centre of an oligochaetes respiratory pigment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this opening is found on the peristomium of an earthworm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lobster lip
sessile, feeding, budding sexual stage
mobile, asexual , Pandora larva stage
dwarf male (dimorphism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rotifer (platyzoan) reproduction
A form of asexual reproduction where viable offspring develop from unfertilized eggs that, depending on the organism, may be either haploid or diploid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The crown formed from a ciliated disc at the anterior end of a rotifera.
Dwarf males , once they appear ,use to swim to female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cycliophora and Syndermata dwarf males use this insemination strategy.
Symplesiomorphy.
Female lacts genital duct, male pierces body wall and inseminates near unfertilized eggs or in the hemocoel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cycliophora
completely replace inner digestive tract as they grow
done by budding
new buccal funnel and digestive tract attaches to mouth ring when old degenerates
mouth ring remains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
will become dwarf male Cycliophora
done by asexual budding |
|
|
Term
| cycliophora asexual budding |
|
Definition
makes dwarf males
feeding females ( c egg inside)
new digestive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cycliophora
asexual larva
from stem cells below feeding females digestive tract
swimmin buccal funnel and gut
settles and regenerates to new feeding female by budding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cycliophora
sexual larva
dwarf male inseminates oocyte female (from stem cell of feeding female)
oocyte female swims away, degenerates , leaves behind a free swimming zygote- the chordoid
chordoid finds new lobster, attaches to setal hairs on lip
metamorphose to new feeding female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Syndermata
like a cuticle, hardened component inside sycytial epidermis
crosslinked glycoproteins, NO chitin
structural, muscles attach here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no membranes only mass c nuclei
Platyhenlimthes, glass sponges, Rotifers, etc..
rotifer for structural lamina
rotifer also eutelic-cells grow as animal grows, do not divide |
|
|
Term
| sperm with anterior flagellum |
|
Definition
syndermata autapomorphy
flagella on anterior end, pulls the sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phylum Syndermata
corona-cilliated ring on head to swim
cillia also trap food
muscular matax
protonephridia
cuticle from scherotized proteins
sycnytial epidermis
parthogenesis most species |
|
|
Term
Acanthocephala
Spiny Headed Worms |
|
Definition
Syndermata
scherotized spines on proboscis
lemnisci extend proboscis
syncitial, eutelic epidermis
pseudocoel has ligament sacs (contain repro organs)
dioecious c small male
hydrostatic skeleton |
|
|
Term
| spiny headed worm reproduction |
|
Definition
male inseminates c penis
cement glands to shut female genital opening
sperm up to eggs in the ligament sacs
sorted by uterine bell
leave female in host feces as acanthor larva
arthropod eats
turn to acanthella larva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the female reproductive system of an acanthocephalan. The uterine bell sorts developing embryos inside the pseudocoel and allows only those that have developed to the right stage to pass into the uterus and out the gonopore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pair of epidermal pouches in an acanthocephalan that use hydrostatic pressure to extend the proboscis; pulled back in using muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical covalent crosslinking of separate protein chains using phenolic compounds. Sclerotized protein is stable and is not easily broken down or digested |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Possible remnant of the missing gut in acanthocephalans. The connective tissue of the ligament sac supports the reproductive tract and may divide the body into separate compartments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first larval stage in the acanthocephalan life cycle. It hatches from the egg and uses a ring of hooks around the anterior end to penetrate the first intermediate host, usually an insect or crustacean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The second larval stage in the acanthocephalan life cycle the acanthella is found inside either an insect or crustacean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In parasites with complex life cycles that involve more than one host, the organism that contains the adult stage of the parasite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phylum gastrotricha
one cilia per cell
dual gland adhesive system
eutely
aceolomate
freshwater protonephridia,parthenogeneisis
no larva |
|
|
Term
| unmoulted multilayer cuticle |
|
Definition
gastritrich
inner protein endocuticle
outer exocuticle multiple layers
no molting, covers cillia |
|
|
Term
| triradiate sucking pharynx |
|
Definition
y shaped closed pharynx, pharyngeal muscles attach both sides
contracts to quickly make open triangle space
creates sucking force to pull in food
also in nematodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
jaws from tube shaped rods
jaws with basal plate
no cuticle, ciliated epithelium
incomplete gut , acoelomate
hermaphrodite (monoecious)
one cilia per cell
no larva stage |
|
|
Term
| jaws from rods and basal plate |
|
Definition
gnathostomulida
plate to scrape algae
secreted by glands in pharynx
attached to muscle in pharynx
made of plates and trophi
tubelike appearance
rods of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The paired chitinous jaws found inside the mastax of a rotifer. The trophi are adapted to the feeding strategy of the rotifer and can grind, cut, or be used to capture prey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of two attachment organs in monogenean flukes. Unlike the prohaptor, the opisthaptor is the principal attachment structure and can consist of hooks, claws, and suckers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ciliated larval stage of a monogenetic fluke that hatches from the egg, swims to its host, and attaches before transforming into a juvenile fluke.Host is fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Osmoregulatory-excretory structure found in some invertebrates. Also called a flame-cell, this tubule is closed at its distal end. The beating of internal cilia pull water across the cell membrane and then propels it down the tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A kind of symbiosis where one animal lives on or in another and benefits from living there. This type of relationship has no effect on the host, which is neither at a disadvantage nor an advantage because of the commensal organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gland in many invertebrates that provision the egg with yolk, which supplies the developing embryo with nutrients.
Platyhelminthes-Trematode-Flukes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the female reproductive system where sperm received from the male during mating is stored and later used to fertilize the eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glandular cells surrounding the ootype in trematodes and cestodes. Its role is unclear. It may be involved in formation of the eggshell, lubricating the egg as it moves from the ootype into the uterus, or its secretions may activate the sperm for fertilization |
|
|
Term
mutual cross fertilization
Playhelminthes hermaphrodite reproduction |
|
Definition
trade sperm put into seminal vessicle
fertilizes eggs
egg passes to ootype
shell added in ootype, thickened by Mehlis gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In parasites with complex life cycles involving more than one host, the organisms that contain the larval stages of the parasite |
|
|
Term
| this is the orientation of the outermost layer of muscles in fre living flatworms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this organ system is missing in tapeworms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the number of muscle types or layers in free living flatworms such as Planari |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one of two types of hooks youll find on a monogenen fluke |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during evolution of different animal phyla, this tissue is seen in flatworms for the first time, and is one of the reasons they have muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common name for a trematode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| special name for the protective body covering of parasiic flatworms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number of classes in phylum platyhelmminthes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the adhesive glands are located in one place they are referred to as these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ocelli of free living flatworms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| position of epithelial cell bodies relative to the basement membrane in flatworm tegument |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this stage follows the miracidium in the fluke life cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the name of the anterior most sucker in a trematode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the vas deferens transports gametes from this organ to the seminal receptacle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the junction of the oviduct, and the opening of the seminal receptacle, in a flatworm where the egg is usually fertilized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many branches are there in a polyclad flatworms gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this flatworm class have acetabula, thats more than one acetabulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these very fine microvilli on a flatworms surface increase the SA for absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unlike cestodes and trematodes, monogeneans are this kins of parasite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| embedded in epidermis, these protect a planarian from predation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the body of the ancestral flatworm is covered in these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nervous system of a flatworm looks like one of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| females stores their partners sperm in this receptacle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a flatworm in which the digestive system is a solid mass of endodermal cells, rather than a cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another name for the yolk gland is this type of gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stage of a fluke lifecycle that swims to its vertebrate host or another host where it encysts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a flatworm with three main branches to its gut is referred to as this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A dormant, or suspended, state of animation that allows some animals to survive severe conditions such as extremely low temperatures. Dehydration occurs in preparation for the suspended state and rehydration is associated with the return of favorable conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stage in the life cycle of an acanthocephalan. After the acanthella forms in the intermediate hosts, it encysts as the cystacanth that infects the definitive host when it is consumed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unique sticky discharge cells found in the tentacles of ctenophorans. They are used to capture prey, and although colloblasts resemble cnidocytes, this is a convergent trait making the two analogous structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ciliated swimming structure
8 bands from oral to aboral side
long cilia fused together to make a paddle
beat in metachronal wave down the comb row |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ctenephora
each comb row attached to apical statocyst
used for orientation and balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monoecious with gonads that form in gastrovascular cavity
asexual repro by fragmentation
gametes released through mouth
cydippid larval stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The larval stage of free-spawning ctenophorans. Cydippids usually have spherical symmetry and bear a superficial resemblance to the adult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The transparent, chitinous, outer covering of the stalk and branches in a hydroid colony
non living |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In colonial hydrozoan cnidarians, polyps are connected to each other by hollow tubes, an extension of the gastrovascular cavity of each polyp in the colony. The coenosarc is the living part of the connections between polyps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The name given to the internal cavity of the cnidarians. This is an incomplete gut with only one opening, the mouth. Food to be digested and undigested food that must be eliminated both pass through the mouth. The cavity is lined by gastrodermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sexually reproductive, medusal bud that develops in some colonial hydrozoans. The resulting mature medusa may be released from the colony or remain attached when they release their gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tubular extension of the subumbrellar (oral) surface of a jellyfish medusa; the mouth is located at the tip of the manubrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asexual reproduction by fission at a right angle to the main axis of the body. The strobila in scyphozoan cnidarians uses transverse fission to produce the small medusoid ephyra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strands of contractile myofibers found in single cells. These allow the cell, or a portion of the cell, to contract in length and change its shape
ex: Cnidarians
(not in cteneophora-they have discrete muscle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asexual reproduction in anthozoans, pieces of the pedal disk tear off and become new anemones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
soft corals
In some colonial corals the polyps sit on a mass of mesoglea, the coenenchyme, covered in pinacoderm or epidermis. Extensions of the gastrovascular cavities from different polyps in the colony weave through the coenenchyme and connect with each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The channels running through the mass of mesoglea, coenenchyme, that connect the polyps of some corals
gastrodermally derived
soft corals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A stage in the life cycle of hydrozoans where the sessile polyp is missing. Instead, the planula larva develops directly into an actinula, which then becomes a medusa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no siphonoglyphs
calcarous skeleton secreted by pedal disk
polyp sits and retracts into skeletal cup
asexual budding creates new cups etc..
coral reefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
octaradial symmetry
calcareous spicules
polyp embedded in mesoglea
coenenchyme endoskeleton
polyps connected to each others coeloenteron (internal cavity) by solenia (channels)
budding up like a fan
one siphonoglyph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cilliated solid ball of cells
cnidarian
swims c anterior-posterior orientation
blastopore from invagination
outer epithelium
inner endoderm will be gastrodermis
free swimming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ancestral
forms from planula larva
cnidarians
outer epithelia
middle mesoglea
inner gastrodermis
incomplete gut
cnidocyte tentacles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epithelial cells in cnidarians that have myonemes at base of cell that can change shape of cells (contractile)
nerve cell btw epithelial cells make net
hydrostatic skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized cells found only in the Cnidaria. When these cells evert, a nematocyst is discharged. The nematocyst may act as a stinger or a sticky thread to entangle and capture prey |
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Term
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Definition
| This organelle is part of the cnidocyte unique to the Cnidarians. It is the stinging, or eversible, portion of the cell, and it can drill into, entangle, and or stick to potential prey |
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Term
types of nematocysts
(four functional groups) |
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Definition
2-stinging for feeding and capture
ptychocysts-sticky, locomotion, hydra spinning
1-defensive |
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Term
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Definition
nematocysts (barbed)
spirocyst (sticky threads instead of barbs,neurotoxin,anthozoan)
ptychocyst (unfolds, locomotion, zig zag, anthozoa) |
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