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BIO 3334
Invertebrate Zoology
403
Biology
Undergraduate 3
01/10/2011

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Term
what are protozoans?
Definition
single celled eukaryotes
not animals
do what animals do in single celled form
have organelles
Protists
Term
what is the step from single to multi celled organisms?
Definition
division of labour
Term
endosymbiont theory
Definition
theory of where protists originate
bacterium swallows another aerobic bacterium
Term
two innovations that occur as a result of the endosymbiont theory
Definition
nucleus surrounded by a membrane
organelle that can break C-C bonds and be used as an energy source to generate ATP
Term
in endosymbiont theory , the areobic bacteria swallowed becomes the __________________
Definition
mitochondrion
Term
evidence that mitochondria is of bacterial origin
Definition
circular DNA, has own DNA
double membrane system and inner membrane retains bacterial like properties in terms of its lipids, no histones,
uses small ribosomes which are bacterial for transciption and translation
Term
what is evidence that mitochondria came before the chloroplast?
Definition
plants need to make the suns energy into C-C bonds and THEN
still need mitochondria to break the C-C bonds
if chloroplast was first (or cyanobacteria) would not have been able to generate the energy to make use of sun energy
cannot generate ATP directly from light
mitochondria taps into energy
Term
mitochondrial DNA lacks
Definition
histones
Term
with mitochondria, eukaryotes have a functional advantage over bacteria, which causes this class of organisms to
Definition
diversify
also due to breaking of land masses
Term
why are protozoans hard to classify taxonomically?
Definition
too small for morphological meatures
Term
the functionala dvantage that protozoans have over bacteria
Definition
have an organelle that creates energy
Term
how to mitochondri make ATP
Definition
oxidative phosphoryltion
uses oxygen
Term
why do protozoans "live the good life"?
Definition
N watses can diffuse out
O can diffuse in
can diffuse nutrients into the cytolasm
water and salt balance regulated by diffusion
ideal S:V ratio
Term
why do protozoans "live the good life"?
Definition
N watses can diffuse out
O can diffuse in
can diffuse nutrients into the cytolasm
water and salt balance regulated by diffusion
ideal S:V ratio
Term
Trichocysts are used for this in cilliates
Definition
defense
Term
Another name for a protozoan eyespot
Definition
stigma
Term
cilia beat with this type of wave
Definition
metachromal
Term
During conjugation, this nucleus fuses to form the synkaron
Definition
micronucleus
Term
compared to cillia,, flagella are this
Definition
longer
Term
Not all amoubas are naked, some live inside these
Definition
tests
Term
The type of fission in protists that creates 2 identical daughter cells
Definition
binary
Term
Undigested food exists from the same point on a cilliate, it is referred to as this
Definition
cytoproct
Term
Food always enters at the same poitn on a cilliate, it is referred to as this
Definition
cytostome
Term
amoebas consume this type of food by phagocytosis
Definition
solid
Term
The process of "sexual" reproduction in cilliates
Definition
conjugation
Term
The more solid of the two protoplasm states in the amoeba
Definition
ectoplasm
Term
Another name for a basal body of the cillium
Definition
kinetosome
Term
This is the more fluid of the two types of protoplasm found in an amoueba
Definition
endoplasm
Term
amoebas use these too move
Definition
pseudopods
Term
Process describing ingestion of rich organic food by protozoans
Definition
pinocytosis
Term
This "cap" is found at he advancing edge of a pseudopod
Definition
Hyaline
Term
In ciliates, once the nuclear material has been exchanged, the conjugants separate and are now called these
Definition
exconjugants
Term
These cillia on a ciliates body are not involved in feeding and are referred to as this type of ciliature
Definition
somatic
Term
Although ancestrally they may have had more, almost all protozoan flagellates have this many flagella
Definition
one
Term
Like the muscles in higher animals, amoebas also depend on contractile proteins, calcium and this for movement
Definition
ATP
Term
The part of an amoeba where endoplasm is converted to ectoplasm
Definition
front
Term
the nuber of conjugants involved in conjugation in ciliates
Definition
two
Term
higher taxon that includes all protozoans
Definition
kingdom
Term
This nucleus is the larger of the two different nucei found in ciliates
Definition
macronucleus
Term
This anchors the flagella in the body wall of a flagellate
Definition
pellicle
Term
SIngle cillia often fise to form this kind of flagella
Definition
compound
Term
One of the two ways that the flagella of a mastigophoran beats
Definition
spiral
Term
The part of the amoeba where the ectoplasm is converted back into the endoplasm
Definition
back
Term
This type of fission creates more than two daughter cells
Definition
mutiple
Term
Mastigophorans use these for locomotion
Definition
flagella
Term
most common type of reproduction in protozoans
Definition
asexual
Term
conjugation is a unique way of mixing this fromm two conjugates
Definition
DNA
Term
initially, the pH of a phagosome is this
Definition
acidic
Term
in the deepst ocean the shells of amoebas can only be made of this
Definition
silicates
Term
another name for a contractile vessicle is this kind of expulsion vessicle
Definition
water
Term
what does the double nuclear envelope suggest?
Definition
the genetic material was once a form of prokaryotic symbiont
Term
ciliophora
Definition
unicellular "animals"
specialized organelles
undulopodia( cilia, flagella)
Term
cilia and flagella have this in common in their structure
Definition
9+2 microtubule arrangement
central pair is axoneme
atp burned, arms slide past each other
bends structure and creates movement
Term
phagocytosis occurs here on a ciliate
Definition
cytostome
Term
phylum ciliophora
Definition
cilia
kinetostomes imbedded and attached to pellicle
dimorphic nuclei (one micro and up to many macro nuclei)
conjugation (sexual)
binary fission (asexual)
Term
freshwater protists are ______________ to the surrounding water
Definition
hyperosmotic
Term
water expulsion vessicle
Definition
osmoregulatory organelle
network of collecting tubules
energy from mitochondria pumps water into the tublules from the cytoplasm
fuses with outer plasma membrane to create pore
Term
S:V ratio supply and demand
Definition
demand is by volume of organism for material needed for biochemical reactions
Term
why is small S:V good?
Definition
has surface area to support the volume of the organism (bugger things have bigger demands)
flat surface has a limit to rate of exhange ****
Term
reynolds number based on these two forces
Definition
inertial and viscous
Term
inertial force
Definition
mass and momentum keeps in motion
Term
trichocyst
Definition
organelle fired by protists for defense
Term
alveoli
Definition
vessicles under the cell membrane that make the pellicle
shows relationship btw ciliates
Term
anisogamy
Definition
sexual fusion of two different gametes
evolved the macro and micro gametes possibly
conjugation
Term
apical complex
Definition
defines the apicomplexa
used to penetrate skin to enter host
malaria
Term
axoneme
Definition
inner structure of cillia or flagella
Term
axopodia
Definition
thin pseudopods responsible for phacocytocis
Term
cytopharynx
Definition
a channel connecting the surface with the cytoplasm in protozoans
Term
filopodia
Definition
actin filament exptending past the lamellipodia
adheres to substrate, may take chemical cues to direct locomotion (chemotaxis?)
Term
apicomplexa
Definition
protozoan
apical complex
parasite with complex life cycle
haploid undergoes schizogony
gametes fuse to make micro and macro
diploid oocyst forms
sporogony occurs (meosis in oocyst)
spores infect next host
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
similar structures arise in different unrelated groups under similar circumstances/selective pressures
Term
monophyletic
Definition
single tribed all animals from a single ancestor common evolutionary descent group includes ancestor
Term
polyphyletic
Definition
many tribed group two or more different lineages in a taxon may not include ancestor of either
Term
osmotic regulation
Definition
maintaining a contant intracellular solute concentration
done by water expusion vessicles ( contractile vacuoles
Term
S;V ratio of protozoans good for _____________ but bad for ____________
Definition
processes and diffusion, Reynolds number
Term
traditional taxonomy was based on
Definition
morphology
Term
ciliates are unique enough that their taxonomic group....
Definition
still remains today
Term
undulopod
Definition
9+2 doublets, made of mictotubules, dyenin arms
Term
flagellum acts like a
Definition
screwdriver
Term
excavates
Definition
protozoan
food groove
flagella put food in groove
Euglena, disicristata
Term
Rhizaria
Definition
protozoans
based only on molecular
foraminifera, actinopods,
Term
unikonts
Definition
protozoans
single flagella OR amebozoa
Term
opisthokont
Definition
push motor flagella
Term
monokont
Definition
pull motor flagella
ex:Euglena
Term
chromalveolates
Definition
protozoans
complex folding of plasma membrane
ciliates and apicomplexa
Term
ciliates
Definition
protozoans
chromalveolates
pellicle
cilliary mvmt
conjugation
multinucleated
Term
apicomplexa
Definition
protozoans
chromalveolates
apical complex identifies and penetrates host
parasitic
Term
plantae
Definition
not protozoans
plastids
2 flagella
secondary symbiosis to add chloroplast after mitochondria
single celled plant like organisms
Term
symplesiomorphy
Definition
ancient state
Term
apomorphy
Definition
the derived trait or condition
Term
ciliary movement
Definition
beat in unison to move
some do power and some recovery
smooth and agile motion
metachronal wave
Term
why are power and recovery strokes t right angles to each other?
Definition
To prevent tangling
Term
pseudopod locomotion
Definition
change in cytoplasm states
ectoplasm-firm
endoplasm-liquid
hyaline cap on end harderns and incorporated into cell wall
liquifies at back
Term
how does amoeba change direction?
Definition
attaches myosin motors elsewhere
Term
biochemical way amoeba moves
Definition
actin filaments at front extend
attracts myosin motors
motor moves along the front, drags cytoplasm with it
cytoplasm has no actin and therefore is liquid and can move
Term
pseudopod types
Definition
lobopod (amoeba)
axopods (axoneme) (mictotubule in it)(myosin crawls along the large axomene)
net types
Term
taxonomy based on mitochondria
Definition
diferrent shapes (disk, rod)
absent may indicate lost, as oxidative phosphorylation still present (processes from mitochondria)
Term
gene fusions
Definition
eukaryote version of prokaryote operons
initiation factors fold DNA into regulator region
single regulatory regions advantageous
fusions used in taxonoy cause sequences too hard to use
Term
Euglena
Definition
photosynthetic
far from flagellates on tree
chloroplasts (uses when no food)
flagella casts shadow on eyespot
unikont
opisthokint
Term
trypanosoma
Definition
flagellum folded back, made undulating membrane
swims in blood, tsetse fly, sleeping sickness
compromises blood, less oxygen, fatigue
Term
why are amoebas in the unikonts?
Definition
alternates between flagellate and ameboid lifecycle
when flagellar mvmt is present is opisthokint (push)
Term
most important member of opisthocont group
Definition
choanoflagellates ( ancestor to animals)
Term
why is apicomplexa with the chromalveolates( folded membrane group)
Definition
apical complex is a folded membrane system
Term
why do paramecium have fixed structures?
Definition
holes would wreck the cell wall
Term
uniplanar beat
Definition
back and forth motion only
Term
actin filaments attract
Definition
myosoin motors
Term
largest group in the chromalveolates
Definition
diatoms
Term
secondary symbiosis in chromalveolates results in
Definition
double and triple membraned plastids
Term
alveoli
Definition
openings in pellicle for cillia to come through
Term
kinetostome
Definition
anchors the cillia inside the pellice
Term
kinetodesmata
Definition
attach all the cillia under the pellice
Term
evolutionary consequence of pellicle
Definition
fixed structure/form and fixed organs
cant put holes everywhere for food vacuole, would weaken integrity of the pellicle
Term
food grove in the paramecium is not like the food groove in the
Definition
excavates
Term
why is a paramecium a chromalveolate
Definition
has a folded membrane system that forms the pellicle, used to put cillia everywhere
Term
molecularo motor of amebozoid movement
Definition
myosin
Term
molecular motor of undulopod movement
Definition
dyenin (arms)
Term
cilliates are in this of 5 major classification groups
Definition
chromalveolates
Term
amoebozoa and opisthocont (flagella mvmt) in this of the 5 major groups
Definition
unikonts
Term
pinicytosis
Definition
feeding on liquids that contain dissolved nutrients
Term
why do paramecium need a vacuole?
Definition
without, cell would eat itself
Term
process in paramecium feeding
Definition
food enters vacuole, fuses with lysosome, broken down to monomers that pass thru cell membrane, glucose goes to mitochondria where goes through Krebs cycle, glycolysis occurs, ATP make
Term
paramecium has this kind of digestion
Definition
intracellular
Term
extracellular digestion
Definition
enzymes break down food before it enters into the cells (ex in digestive tract)
Term
does digestive tract mean extracellular digestion?
Definition
No, cnidatians and other exceptions
Term
vacuoles work under which pH?
Definition
both acidic and alkaline
acidic always first
has set of enzymes for each condition
Term
undigested residue leaves by ___________ through the _____________
Definition
exocytosis cytoproct
Term
paramecium shows the beginnings of a _______________
Definition
digestive system
Term
marine protozoans are ________ to their environment
Definition
isotonic
Term
freshwater protozoans are ____________ to their environment
Definition
hyertonic
Term
freshwater protozoan osmoregulatory helpers
Definition
water expulsion vessicle
pellicle maintains strength of wall
Term
how water expulsion vessicle works
Definition
arms that lead to main vessicle fill with water , ATP used to pump to main vessicle, system fills and collapses, exit through excretory pore
Term
nitrogenous wastes in protozoans leaves by
Definition
diffusion
Term
cirrus
Definition
thread like super cillia
ex:euplotes uses to walk
Term
membranelle
Definition
lots of 9+2 microtubules surrounded by common plasma membrane, can be long and undulating
Term
chromalveolate members
Definition
algae
diatoms
cilliates
apicomplexa
Term
pellicle requires lots of ATP to maintain therefore we see lots of these lining it
Definition
mitochondria
Term
myonemes
Definition
contractile
actin and myosin
intracellular muscle fibre **
(not dissolving like amoeba)
ex:Vorticella-ciliophora
Term
macronucleus
Definition
ciliates
larger nucleus
polyploid
daily functions
Term
micronucleus
Definition
cilliates
copy of genome set aside for conjugation
Term
all unused nuclear material in conjugation is broken down and used for
Definition
later rebuilding of nucleic acids
Term
synkaryon
Definition
new fused micronucleus that is the product of conjugation
Term
macronucleus is degenerated and later rebuilt..unique process in ______
Definition
ciliates!
Term
rhizarians
Definition
actinopods c central microtubule
like amoeba in a shell
silica (radiolaria)
caco3 (foraminifera) (chalk)
Term
rhizaria solved problem of
Definition
mineralization-extracting form environment
same principles later seen in bones
Term
amoebas move by
Definition
polymerizations and depolymerizations
Term
ammonia needs to be removed because it....
Definition
shuts down the krebs cycle, wouldnt be able to make AT
Term
Parazoans
Definition
Poriferan and Placazoa
Term
what do choanocytes eat
Definition
bacteria
Term
phhyletic trees that are paraphyletic and polyphyletic are not made _______________
Definition
intentionally. they are a result of molecular evidence found later
Term
apomorphy
Definition
derived trait in one group
Term
symplesiomorphy
Definition
primitive trait shared with other groups
Term
plesiomorphy
Definition
primitive trait in a group
Term
synapomorphy
Definition
derived trait shared with other groups
Term
autapomorphy
Definition
traits that define a group
Term
autapomorphies of animalia
(need them all together)
Definition
multicellular eukaryotes
heterotroph
cells with dif functions
choanocytes
collagen
Term
collagen
Definition
glue that holds cells together
Term
when do Porifera appear?
Definition
pre-Cambrian
Term
collonial choanocytes innovation
Definition
division of labor
Term
sponge symmetry
Definition
non existant because no oral/aboral (mouth-no mouth axis) so cannot apply these terms
Term
Porifera Autapomorphies
Definition
asymetric body plan
cells but no tissues
choanocytes in an aquiferous system
totipotent cells
Term
porifera cells are totipotent, they have a ______________________ that has not been shut down and therefore they can _________________
Definition
genetic system, regenerate
Term
this type of symmetry has sensory organs at the front
Definition
bilateral
Term
Parazoa have cells in sheets, glued with collagen, but are missing these
Definition
microtubulees
Term
pinacoderm
Definition
tightly glued outer sheat of cells on Profera that prevents stuff gettign in, has porocytes in some
Term
gelatinous middle layer in Porifera, where the amoebocytes move around
Definition
mesohyl
Term
schlerocytes make the
Definition
spicules
Term
spongogytes secrete__________
Definition
spongin (protinaceous support structure)
Term
glass sponge architecture
Definition
glass spicules make a choanocyte chamber
chambers made from a syncidium of material not individual choanocytes
Term
parenchymella
Definition
solid form of Porifera larva
no distinction btw macro and micromeres
outside is flagellated cells that make the choanocytes
Term
coeloblastula
Definition
hollow ball Porifera larva
Term
cells in the mesohyl
Definition
archeocytes, scherocytes, spongocytes
Term
cells in the pinacoderm
Definition
pinocytes, porocytes
Term
this part of the amphiblastula has the flagella. it will become ____________________
Definition
micromeres, the choanocytes
Term
apomorphy
Definition
derived trait with in a group
Term
plesiomorphy
Definition
primitive trait within a group
Term
synapomorphy
Definition
derived trait shared with other groups
Term
symplesiomorphy
Definition
primitive trait shared with other goups
Term
autapomorphy
Definition
trait that defines a group
Term
choanocyte synctidia
Definition
chambers in glass sponge architecture
like a sheet stretched out, made from glass spicules
chambers made from a syncitium of material, not choanocytes
Term
similarity between sponge embryo and higher animal embryology
Definition
hollow ball stage (blastocoel)
macro and micromeres
Term
syncitium
Definition
commom cytoplasm btw all the cells
protoplasm has many nuclei,all share same cytoplasm
multicellular appearance
Term
nature of the ____________ detrmines major sponge classes
Definition
spicule
Term
hexaxon
Definition
6 sided spicule structure
can contain monaxons etc..
glass sponges always have hexaxon
Term
triaxon
Definition
3 sided spicule
common in Caco3 sponges
calcareous triaxons common
Term
desmospongia
Definition
not a real spicule but another class of sponge based on this architecture
spongocytes make protein mesh
mesohyl in spaces in between
Term
first group to have cell junctione between cells
Definition
Placazoans
Term
first cell junctions in Placazoans look like this
Definition
protein comlex that glues membranes together, no microtubules yet, no basal lamina
Term
term used to describe cell junctions in invertebrates
Definition
septate
Term
placazoan body plan
Definition
2 epithelium (cell layers glued together)
layers are fibrous cellular syncitium
mesenchyme matrix in between
oil drips in top layer
Term
oily driplets on ventral surface of Parazoans
Definition
possibly for orientation
made by metabolic processes
Term
Placazoan feeding
Definition
phagocytocis
food pre-liquified by gand cells that secrete digestive enzymes
Term
whan Placazoan looks like a gastrula
Definition
when feeding will completely surround food particle
form a ball with endo and ectoderm
digestive enzymes secreted on the inside
Term
nematocyst
Definition
can ber stinger or sticky thread
fired by cnidocyte when cnidocil touched by organic matter
Term
transverse fission
Definition
type of budding
creates stacks of ephyra in the strobilus
Term
cnidarian autapomorphies
Definition
cnidocytes
planula larva
epitheliomusculature
Term
in cnidarians, endoderm is modified _________________ used for ________________
Definition
epithelium, used for digestion
Term
cnidarians have an incomplete gut. this means they have no
Definition
anus
Term
polyp body plan
Definition
based on diploblasty
hydrostatic skeleton
Term
hydrostatic skeleton is a soulution to having do
Definition
mesoderm (because mesoderm will make muscles)
Term
anthozoans have no _______________________ on the cnidocyte
Definition
operculum
Term
spirocyst
Definition
is the nematocyst in anthozoans
coiled in a spiral
loaded spring
sticky not barbed
Term
non penetrating and sticky nematocysts paralzye with
Definition
neurotoxins
Term
ptychocysts
Definition
anthozoans
sticky kind
folded up not spiraled
Term
2 mechanisms for the firing of a cnidocyte
Definition
kinetic effects ( grows in capsule, zince keeps from firing early)
or
calcium stabilized with ionic bonds, makes isotonic env until release, water rushes in and creates osmotic pressures to squeeze out nematocyst (water builds and pressure forms)
Term
when a nematocyst id fired it turns
Definition
inside out
Term
cnidocyte fires at this speed
Definition
2 m/s ( g force of 40,000 G)
Term
how does calcium stabilize cnidocyte?
Definition
Used in ionic bonds, protein protein interactions, all the calcium is sequestered.hen released makes a high ionic concentration that causes water to come in
Term
four nematocyst functions
Definition
food capture (sting and entangle)
defence( sting)
locomotion ( looping, grab substrate)
penetration and toxin delivery
Term
polyp body plan
Definition
epitheliomuscular out (long)
epithelionutritive in (circle)
hydrostatic skeleton
ancestral-medusa comes later
gastrovascular cavity
incomplete gut
Term
diffuse nerve net
Definition
sensory structure
mostly around mouth in polyps, no major structural sensory organs until swimming stage
made from ectoderm
Term
cnidocytes form from
Definition
ectoderm
Term
soft coral symmetry
Definition
octacorrallia
Term
hard (true) coral / anemone symmetry
Definition
hexacorallia
Term
biradial symmetry
Definition
modified radial symmetry with paired structures on the body plan
Term
cnidoglandular lobe
Definition
at end of incomplete septum
Term
how incomplete septum works
Definition
constant current, flagellar band
phagocytic cells in the folds
current mixes food, digestive enzymes released to break down more until small enough
(flow, circulating, cnidocytes to subdue,phagocytosis
Term
coenosarc
Definition
tube of gastrovascular cavity that connects hard corals (colonial anthozoans).Living part of the connection.
Term
ctenephora autapomorphies
Definition
colloblast cells
ctene
aboral organ
Term
colloblast cell
Definition
The unique sticky discharge cells found in the tentacles of ctenophorans. They are used to capture prey, and although colloblasts resemble cnidocytes, this is a convergent trait making the two analogous structures.
Term
comb rows
Definition
Fused cilia used by ctenophorans for locomotion. The comb rows are arranged in bands connected to the apical organ that coordinates the beat of the comb rows
Term
ctene
Definition
This unique locomotory structure is found in the Ctenophora and is made up of fused cilia arranged into flattened plates. The ctenes are then organized into eight bands that run between the oral to aboral surface of the animal
Term
The layer between the inner and outer tissue layers of a cnidarian (not a tissue)
Definition
mesoglea
Term
A true nematocyst injects proteins and this toxic compund when it penetrates its prey
Definition
phenol
Term
Gastrozooids in a hydrozoan colony
Definition
feeding
Term
This non-living structure surrounds the gonozooid of a thecate hydrozoan
Definition
gonotheca
Term
Like the trigger of a gun, this structure is responsable for firing the cnidarians cnidocyte
Definition
cnidocil
Term
a statocyst always contains one of these
Definition
statolith
Term
the lobe in an anthozoan incomplete septa where you would find the cnidocytes
Definition
outer
Term
dactylozooids are specialized for this
Definition
defense
Term
one of the consequences of not having any mesoderm means that you dont have these either
Definition
muscles
Term
ALthough it is Hydrozoan, Hydra is missing this stage of the hydrozoan life cycle. It is thought to be an adaptation to living in fresh water
Definition
medusa
Term
cnidarian bodies organized at this grade, but stil do no have organ systems
Definition
tissue
Term
the energy required to fire the nematocyst forms as the organelle develops- the ______________ hypothesis for cnidocyte firing
Definition
tension
Term
cnidarian cell type that develops into a cnidocyte
Definition
cnidoblast
Term
in a schyphozoan, the schyphystome is all that remains of this stage that is usually found in the cnidarian life cycle
Definition
polyp
Term
epitheliomusculature cells found on this side of a cnidarian body wall
Definition
outside
Term
Corals and other anthozoans sit on this
Definition
Pedal (disk)
Term
Small medusa form on this central rod found in some gonozooids
Definition
blastostyle
Term
medusa dominates in this cnidarians life cycle
Definition
schyphozoans
Term
these cells secrete digestive enzymes into the digestive cavity of a cnidarian
Definition
gland
Term
Gas filled modified polyp in the Portugese Man o War is this type of polyp
Definition
pneumatophore
Term
is the perisarc living material
Definition
no
Term
embryonic tissue layer missing in a diploblast
Definition
mesoderm
Term
in this cnodarian class, medusa and polyp phases are equally important
Definition
hydrozoa
Term
colonoal hydrozoans resemble plants, and the roots that connect the plants are called this
Definition
hydrorhizia
Term
once planula settles it turns into this
Definition
schyphisotome
Term
defensive zooids
Definition
dactylozooids
Term
to fire the nematocyst, the permiability of the cnidoctye cell is changed in some way. This process is referred to as this hypothesis for cnidocyte firing
Definition
osmotic
Term
this part of a plant is most like the hydrocalous o a hydrozoan colony
Definition
stem
Term
the thecate hydrozoans, the gastrozooid is surrounded by this non living structure
Definition
hydrotheca
Term
as the medusa contracts, this structure decreases the opening though which water is expelled. it is also characteristic of a hydrozoan medusa
Definition
velum
Term
water enters an asconoid sponge through this special sponge cell
Definition
porocyte
Term
the flagellar cells of the developing larval schyphan sponge move toward the outside in a process called
Definition
inversion
Term
compared to asconoid and syncoid sponges, leuconoid sponges haev _____________oscula
Definition
multiple
Term
A protinaceous sponge spicule
Definition
spongin
Term
describes the plasticity of sponge cells and how different seemingly specialized types cna change into others
Definition
totipotent
Term
the microvilli of these cells form this part of the choanocyte
Definition
collar
Term
the name for the unique six sided spicule of glass sponges
Definition
hexaxon
Term
taxonomic level of the Porifera
Definition
Phylum
Term
this structure is lined with choanocytes in an asconoid spong but are missing from the same cavity in syncoid form
Definition
spongocoel
Term
name for the outer layer of cells in sponge
Definition
pinacoderm
Term
sponges are organized at this grade
Definition
cellular
Term
the sponge cell that produces the spicules
Definition
schlerocyte
Term
in a synconoid sponge the choanocytes are found here
Definition
radial canals
Term
the opening, in all types of sponge architectures, that water pumped by the sponge exits
Definition
osculum
Term
in leuconoid sponges the choanocytes are found here
Definition
chambers
Term
reduction bodies in sponges are also called this
Definition
gemmules
Term
an amphiblastula is this stage in some sponge life cycles
Definition
larval
Term
describes multicellular animals that lack issue
Definition
Parazoa
Term
this hollow larval stage of some sponges resembles the developmental stage of higher animals
Definition
blastula
Term
although it is not a tissue, because sponges dont have them, the cells lining the spongocoel are collectively called this
Definition
choanoderm
Term
these large cells found in the larval stage of some sponges will form the outer choanoderm
Definition
macromeres
Term
sponge spicules can be divided into two types- the small microscleres that reinforce or pack the sponge body and these larger spicules
Definition
macroscleres
Term
if you were a sponge taxonomist, you would spend alot of time examining these
Definition
spicules
Term
compared to the hollow coeloblastula, the parenchymula larva in a sponge is best described as this
Definition
solid
Term
sponges are becoming of interest because not only do they protect themselves with spicules they also produce these
Definition
toxins
Term
These highly mdified parapodia create and hold on to the mucus bag in the filter feeding polychaete Chaetopterus
Definition
aliform
Term
blood in the dorsal vessel of a worm always moves towards this part of the body
Definition
front
Term
Because the chlorogogen tissue is involved in intermediary metabolism, it is anologous to this human structure
Definition
liver
Term
an eaarthworms sperm is store din the seminal ___________ prior to mating
Definition
vessicle
Term
in marine worms, the gonads form on these walls between each metamere
Definition
septal
Term
these chitinous rods help support the parapodia of marine worms
Definition
acicula
Term
the type of fluid you would find in the metanephridia and the coelemoducts
Definition
coelomic
Term
these structures on the funnel of the metanephridia pump the coelomic fluid into the nephridia of an annelid
Definition
cillia
Term
circulatory system of an annelid is this type
Definition
closed
Term
in annelids, structures made from this embryonic tissue are not metamerically arranged
Definition
endoderm
Term
although its the most anterior part of an earthworm, it is not a true segment
Definition
protostome
Term
this structure increases the surface area of an earthworms digestive system
Definition
typholosole
Term
these structures are important in locomotion and gas exchange in marine worms
Definition
parapodium
Term
this is the upper part of marine polychaete worms parapodium
Definition
notopodium
Term
in additio to fluid through the metnephridia, coelomic fluid in annelids also reaches the outside though this
Definition
coelomoducts
Term
the number of pairs of testes in an earthworm
Definition
two
Term
ingested calcareous rocks and stones are dissolved by this kind of pH in an intestine of an earthworm
Definition
acidic
Term
marine worms dont have these permanent organs, instead they develop only during breeding season
Definition
gonads
Term
why there are 3 parts of an annelid that arent segments can be found in this larval stage
Definition
trochophore
Term
what you find inside the pharynx of a nereid worm
Definition
jaws
Term
the pygidium is at this end of an annelid
Definition
pygidium
Term
the specialized axons in an earthowrm that help them escape into their burrows
Definition
giant axons
Term
in leeches, the coelomic cavity has been reduced to spaces referred to as these
Definition
sinuses
Term
the ______esophogeal ganglion is also called the brain
Definition
supra
Term
opening found on annelids pygidium
Definition
anal
Term
the extra rings of a leech
Definition
annuli
Term
parapodia are involved in locomatory and this function
Definition
respiratory
Term
the repeating units in an earthworm have this type of homology
Definition
serial
Term
the number of pairs of seminal vessicles in an earthworm
Definition
three
Term
where you would fing the sub esophogeal ganglion relative to the esophhagus in a worm
Definition
below
Term
earthowrm has this number of paired setae on each body segment
Definition
four
Term
relative to the nerve chord, youll find the ventral blood vessel in an earthworm here
Definition
above
Term
free swimming marine worms are referred to as being this
Definition
errant
Term
the metal found at the centre of an oligochaetes respiratory pigment
Definition
Fe ( iron)
Term
this opening is found on the peristomium of an earthworm
Definition
mouth
Term
cycliophora
Definition
lobster lip
sessile, feeding, budding sexual stage
mobile, asexual , Pandora larva stage
dwarf male (dimorphism)
Term
parthenogenesis
Definition
Rotifer (platyzoan) reproduction
A form of asexual reproduction where viable offspring develop from unfertilized eggs that, depending on the organism, may be either haploid or diploid
Term
corona
Definition
The crown formed from a ciliated disc at the anterior end of a rotifera.
Dwarf males , once they appear ,use to swim to female
Term
hypodermic insemination
Definition
Cycliophora and Syndermata dwarf males use this insemination strategy.
Symplesiomorphy.
Female lacts genital duct, male pierces body wall and inseminates near unfertilized eggs or in the hemocoel
Term
gut regeneration
Definition
Cycliophora
completely replace inner digestive tract as they grow
done by budding
new buccal funnel and digestive tract attaches to mouth ring when old degenerates
mouth ring remains
Term
Prometheus larva
Definition
will become dwarf male Cycliophora
done by asexual budding
Term
cycliophora asexual budding
Definition
makes dwarf males
feeding females ( c egg inside)
new digestive tract
Term
Pandora Larva
Definition
Cycliophora
asexual larva
from stem cells below feeding females digestive tract
swimmin buccal funnel and gut
settles and regenerates to new feeding female by budding
Term
chordoid larva
Definition
Cycliophora
sexual larva
dwarf male inseminates oocyte female (from stem cell of feeding female)
oocyte female swims away, degenerates , leaves behind a free swimming zygote- the chordoid
chordoid finds new lobster, attaches to setal hairs on lip
metamorphose to new feeding female
Term
intracellular lamina
Definition
Syndermata
like a cuticle, hardened component inside sycytial epidermis
crosslinked glycoproteins, NO chitin
structural, muscles attach here
Term
syncytial epidermis
Definition
no membranes only mass c nuclei
Platyhenlimthes, glass sponges, Rotifers, etc..
rotifer for structural lamina
rotifer also eutelic-cells grow as animal grows, do not divide
Term
sperm with anterior flagellum
Definition
syndermata autapomorphy
flagella on anterior end, pulls the sperm
Term
rotifer
Definition
Phylum Syndermata
corona-cilliated ring on head to swim
cillia also trap food
muscular matax
protonephridia
cuticle from scherotized proteins
sycnytial epidermis
parthogenesis most species
Term
Acanthocephala
Spiny Headed Worms
Definition
Syndermata
scherotized spines on proboscis
lemnisci extend proboscis
syncitial, eutelic epidermis
pseudocoel has ligament sacs (contain repro organs)
dioecious c small male
hydrostatic skeleton
Term
spiny headed worm reproduction
Definition
male inseminates c penis
cement glands to shut female genital opening
sperm up to eggs in the ligament sacs
sorted by uterine bell
leave female in host feces as acanthor larva
arthropod eats
turn to acanthella larva
Term
uterine bell
Definition
Part of the female reproductive system of an acanthocephalan. The uterine bell sorts developing embryos inside the pseudocoel and allows only those that have developed to the right stage to pass into the uterus and out the gonopore
Term
lemnisci
Definition
Pair of epidermal pouches in an acanthocephalan that use hydrostatic pressure to extend the proboscis; pulled back in using muscles
Term
scherotized
Definition
Chemical covalent crosslinking of separate protein chains using phenolic compounds. Sclerotized protein is stable and is not easily broken down or digested
Term
ligament sacs
Definition
Possible remnant of the missing gut in acanthocephalans. The connective tissue of the ligament sac supports the reproductive tract and may divide the body into separate compartments
Term
acanthor larva
Definition
The first larval stage in the acanthocephalan life cycle. It hatches from the egg and uses a ring of hooks around the anterior end to penetrate the first intermediate host, usually an insect or crustacean
Term
acanthella larva
Definition
The second larval stage in the acanthocephalan life cycle the acanthella is found inside either an insect or crustacean
Term
definitive host
Definition
In parasites with complex life cycles that involve more than one host, the organism that contains the adult stage of the parasite
Term
Gastrotrich
Definition
phylum gastrotricha
one cilia per cell
dual gland adhesive system
eutely
aceolomate
freshwater protonephridia,parthenogeneisis
no larva
Term
unmoulted multilayer cuticle
Definition
gastritrich
inner protein endocuticle
outer exocuticle multiple layers
no molting, covers cillia
Term
triradiate sucking pharynx
Definition
y shaped closed pharynx, pharyngeal muscles attach both sides
contracts to quickly make open triangle space
creates sucking force to pull in food
also in nematodes
Term
Gnathostomulida
Definition
jaws from tube shaped rods
jaws with basal plate
no cuticle, ciliated epithelium
incomplete gut , acoelomate
hermaphrodite (monoecious)
one cilia per cell
no larva stage
Term
jaws from rods and basal plate
Definition
gnathostomulida
plate to scrape algae
secreted by glands in pharynx
attached to muscle in pharynx
made of plates and trophi
tubelike appearance
rods of
Term
trophi
Definition
The paired chitinous jaws found inside the mastax of a rotifer. The trophi are adapted to the feeding strategy of the rotifer and can grind, cut, or be used to capture prey
Term
opisthaptor
Definition
One of two attachment organs in monogenean flukes. Unlike the prohaptor, the opisthaptor is the principal attachment structure and can consist of hooks, claws, and suckers
Term
oncomiracidium
Definition
The ciliated larval stage of a monogenetic fluke that hatches from the egg, swims to its host, and attaches before transforming into a juvenile fluke.Host is fish
Term
protonephridia
Definition
Osmoregulatory-excretory structure found in some invertebrates. Also called a flame-cell, this tubule is closed at its distal end. The beating of internal cilia pull water across the cell membrane and then propels it down the tubule
Term
commensal
Definition
A kind of symbiosis where one animal lives on or in another and benefits from living there. This type of relationship has no effect on the host, which is neither at a disadvantage nor an advantage because of the commensal organism.
Term
vitelline gland
Definition
Gland in many invertebrates that provision the egg with yolk, which supplies the developing embryo with nutrients.
Platyhelminthes-Trematode-Flukes
Term
seminal receptacle
Definition
Part of the female reproductive system where sperm received from the male during mating is stored and later used to fertilize the eggs
Term
Mehlis' gland
Definition
Glandular cells surrounding the ootype in trematodes and cestodes. Its role is unclear. It may be involved in formation of the eggshell, lubricating the egg as it moves from the ootype into the uterus, or its secretions may activate the sperm for fertilization
Term
mutual cross fertilization
Playhelminthes hermaphrodite reproduction
Definition
trade sperm put into seminal vessicle
fertilizes eggs
egg passes to ootype
shell added in ootype, thickened by Mehlis gland
Term
intermediate host
Definition
In parasites with complex life cycles involving more than one host, the organisms that contain the larval stages of the parasite
Term
this is the orientation of the outermost layer of muscles in fre living flatworms
Definition
circular
Term
this organ system is missing in tapeworms
Definition
digestive
Term
the number of muscle types or layers in free living flatworms such as Planari
Definition
three
Term
one of two types of hooks youll find on a monogenen fluke
Definition
prohaptor
Term
during evolution of different animal phyla, this tissue is seen in flatworms for the first time, and is one of the reasons they have muscles
Definition
mesoderm
Term
common name for a trematode
Definition
fluke
Term
special name for the protective body covering of parasiic flatworms
Definition
tegument
Term
number of classes in phylum platyhelmminthes
Definition
four
Term
when the adhesive glands are located in one place they are referred to as these
Definition
suckers
Term
ocelli of free living flatworms
Definition
eyespots
Term
position of epithelial cell bodies relative to the basement membrane in flatworm tegument
Definition
below
Term
this stage follows the miracidium in the fluke life cycle
Definition
sporocytes
Term
the name of the anterior most sucker in a trematode
Definition
oral
Term
the vas deferens transports gametes from this organ to the seminal receptacle
Definition
testes
Term
the junction of the oviduct, and the opening of the seminal receptacle, in a flatworm where the egg is usually fertilized
Definition
ootype
Term
how many branches are there in a polyclad flatworms gut?
Definition
lots
Term
this flatworm class have acetabula, thats more than one acetabulum
Definition
trematoda
Term
these very fine microvilli on a flatworms surface increase the SA for absorption
Definition
microtrichs
Term
unlike cestodes and trematodes, monogeneans are this kins of parasite
Definition
ectoparasite
Term
embedded in epidermis, these protect a planarian from predation
Definition
rhabdites
Term
the body of the ancestral flatworm is covered in these
Definition
cilia
Term
nervous system of a flatworm looks like one of these
Definition
ladder
Term
females stores their partners sperm in this receptacle
Definition
seminal
Term
a flatworm in which the digestive system is a solid mass of endodermal cells, rather than a cavity
Definition
acoel
Term
another name for the yolk gland is this type of gland
Definition
vitelline
Term
stage of a fluke lifecycle that swims to its vertebrate host or another host where it encysts
Definition
cercaria
Term
a flatworm with three main branches to its gut is referred to as this
Definition
triclad
Term
cryptobiosis
Definition
A dormant, or suspended, state of animation that allows some animals to survive severe conditions such as extremely low temperatures. Dehydration occurs in preparation for the suspended state and rehydration is associated with the return of favorable conditions
Term
cystacanth
Definition
stage in the life cycle of an acanthocephalan. After the acanthella forms in the intermediate hosts, it encysts as the cystacanth that infects the definitive host when it is consumed.
Term
colloblast cells
Definition
The unique sticky discharge cells found in the tentacles of ctenophorans. They are used to capture prey, and although colloblasts resemble cnidocytes, this is a convergent trait making the two analogous structures
Term
ctene
Definition
ciliated swimming structure
8 bands from oral to aboral side
long cilia fused together to make a paddle
beat in metachronal wave down the comb row
Term
ctenephoran symmetry
Definition
bi-radian (paired ctene)
Term
apical organ
Definition
ctenephora
each comb row attached to apical statocyst
used for orientation and balance
Term
ctenephoran reproduction
Definition
monoecious with gonads that form in gastrovascular cavity
asexual repro by fragmentation
gametes released through mouth
cydippid larval stage
Term
cyddipid
Definition
The larval stage of free-spawning ctenophorans. Cydippids usually have spherical symmetry and bear a superficial resemblance to the adult
Term
perisarc
Definition
The transparent, chitinous, outer covering of the stalk and branches in a hydroid colony
non living
Term
coenosarc
Definition
In colonial hydrozoan cnidarians, polyps are connected to each other by hollow tubes, an extension of the gastrovascular cavity of each polyp in the colony. The coenosarc is the living part of the connections between polyps
Term
coelenteron
Definition
The name given to the internal cavity of the cnidarians. This is an incomplete gut with only one opening, the mouth. Food to be digested and undigested food that must be eliminated both pass through the mouth. The cavity is lined by gastrodermis
Term
gonophore
Definition
Sexually reproductive, medusal bud that develops in some colonial hydrozoans. The resulting mature medusa may be released from the colony or remain attached when they release their gametes
Term
manubrium
Definition
Tubular extension of the subumbrellar (oral) surface of a jellyfish medusa; the mouth is located at the tip of the manubrium
Term
transverse fission
Definition
Asexual reproduction by fission at a right angle to the main axis of the body. The strobila in scyphozoan cnidarians uses transverse fission to produce the small medusoid ephyra
Term
myoneme
Definition
Strands of contractile myofibers found in single cells. These allow the cell, or a portion of the cell, to contract in length and change its shape
ex: Cnidarians
(not in cteneophora-they have discrete muscle cells
Term
pedal laceration
Definition
asexual reproduction in anthozoans, pieces of the pedal disk tear off and become new anemones
Term
coenenchyme
Definition
soft corals
In some colonial corals the polyps sit on a mass of mesoglea, the coenenchyme, covered in pinacoderm or epidermis. Extensions of the gastrovascular cavities from different polyps in the colony weave through the coenenchyme and connect with each other
Term
solenia
Definition
The channels running through the mass of mesoglea, coenenchyme, that connect the polyps of some corals
gastrodermally derived
soft corals
Term
actinula larva
Definition
A stage in the life cycle of hydrozoans where the sessile polyp is missing. Instead, the planula larva develops directly into an actinula, which then becomes a medusa
Term
stony (hard) coral
Definition
no siphonoglyphs
calcarous skeleton secreted by pedal disk
polyp sits and retracts into skeletal cup
asexual budding creates new cups etc..
coral reefs
Term
soft corals
Definition
octaradial symmetry
calcareous spicules
polyp embedded in mesoglea
coenenchyme endoskeleton
polyps connected to each others coeloenteron (internal cavity) by solenia (channels)
budding up like a fan
one siphonoglyph
Term
planula larva
Definition
cilliated solid ball of cells
cnidarian
swims c anterior-posterior orientation
blastopore from invagination
outer epithelium
inner endoderm will be gastrodermis
free swimming
Term
polyp body plan
Definition
ancestral
forms from planula larva
cnidarians
outer epithelia
middle mesoglea
inner gastrodermis
incomplete gut
cnidocyte tentacles
Term
epitheliomusculature
Definition
epithelial cells in cnidarians that have myonemes at base of cell that can change shape of cells (contractile)
nerve cell btw epithelial cells make net
hydrostatic skeleton
Term
cnidocyte
Definition
Specialized cells found only in the Cnidaria. When these cells evert, a nematocyst is discharged. The nematocyst may act as a stinger or a sticky thread to entangle and capture prey
Term
nematocyst
Definition
This organelle is part of the cnidocyte unique to the Cnidarians. It is the stinging, or eversible, portion of the cell, and it can drill into, entangle, and or stick to potential prey
Term
types of nematocysts
(four functional groups)
Definition
2-stinging for feeding and capture
ptychocysts-sticky, locomotion, hydra spinning
1-defensive
Term
types of cnidocytes
Definition
nematocysts (barbed)
spirocyst (sticky threads instead of barbs,neurotoxin,anthozoan)
ptychocyst (unfolds, locomotion, zig zag, anthozoa)
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