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| Barriers to entry, Inflammatory Reaction, Natural Killer Cells, Protective Proteins |
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| The Bodies ability to defend itself |
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| relies on Lymphocytes, Antigens |
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| Cells release chemical indicators like histamine which stimulates increased blood flow, and makes membranes more permeable |
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| Monocytes that cruise around and engulf pathogens |
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complement proteins either bind to the surface of pathogens marking them for destruction by neutrophils and Macrophages.
Other proteins bind to the surface and create holes which inflate the cell with salt and water until it bursts |
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| Protein produced by virus infected cells raises the alarm with noninfected ones, preparing them for attack |
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| Any foreign substance that stimulates the immune system |
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Recognize invaders using antigen receptors
Differentiates SELF v. NONSELF |
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| made up of nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) components involve resources, sunlight, soil, water, wind, nutrients, temperature, organisms |
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| require inorganic nutrients+outside energy source |
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| Need a preformed source of organic nutrients (ex Herbivores, carnivores, Omnivores) |
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| Nonphotosynthetic bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter releasing inorganic nutrients |
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| Energy Between trophic levels |
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Definition
| Only 10% of the energy at one level is available to the next |
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| Partially decayed matter in the soil -> Decomposers -> Larger Animals -> Back to Soil |
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| All the animals that graze at a particular link in the food chain |
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| Types of Biogeochemical cycles (2) |
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Definition
| Gaseous cycle (carbon and nitrogen) and Sedimentary (Phosphorous) |
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| Fresh water is distilled from sea water it evaporates cools then rains down over land saturates the eart creating a water table and is stored in rivers and lakes before returning to the ocean |
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| Nitrogen fixation is carried out by Nitrogen fixing bacteria this converts the nitrogen into a form that plants can use. Nitrification is the production of nitrates and Denitrifcation is the conversion of nitrate to nitrogen gas |
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| Atmosphere acts as an exchange pool for CO2 |
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| limited supply, decomposers make it available to producers then consumers then back again. The phosphorous that slips out of the cycle eventually gets restored through uplifting and the weathering of rocks |
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| contain 20% of the earth's species in 1% of the landmass |
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| Value of Biodiversity (8) |
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| Medicinal Value, Agricultural value, Consumptive value, Biogeochemical value, Waste disposal, Provision of fresh water, prevention of soil erosion, Climate regulation |
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| species like Bats and Grizzlies affect other populations and systems |
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| All the organisms of the same species in a particular locale |
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| All the various populations in a locale |
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| Highest possible rate of increase |
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| Environmental Resistance (6) |
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Conditions that limit population size: Food, Water, increased competition, predation, space, waste
Can also be measured as distance between ideal and actual growth rate |
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| Lag, exponential growth, logistic growth |
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| # of individuals the environment can support |
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| Population continues to grow for a time even when Growth Rate is 0 |
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| Decreased Death rate followed by decreased birth rate |
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| Different Population Distributions |
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| Less developed countries have pyramid shape, more advanced ones have normal distribution |
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| Types of Interaction between organisms (5) |
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Definition
| Competition, Predation, Parasitism, Mutualism, Commensalism |
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| different animals compete for resources (Niche theory suggests that each competitor has to have its own niche) |
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| One organism feed on another (characterized by cycles) |
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| Parasite derives nourishment from host |
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| One species benefits while the other remains unaffected |
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| Something that transmits between hosts |
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| through evolution different parts of a species will develop different focuses (like birds beaks) |
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| Produced and mature in bone marrow; undergo clonal expansion; Release antibodies; Go through apoptosis or become B memory cells; act against bacteria |
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| T Killer, T helper, T memory, T supressors |
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| Mature in Thymus; Cytoxic T cells use perforin to make holes and inflate infected cells;undergo Apopotosis |
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| Stick around after an infection |
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| secrete cytokines and help stimulate immune response among other cells |
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| end immune response by preventing clonal expansion |
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| Protein that presents antigens, it is unique to a particular individual thus it helps distinguish self from non self |
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| Signaling chemicals stimulate immune cells |
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| Have long and short polypeptide chains, cannot kill cells only mark them for destruction |
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| either occurs naturally when a person fights off a diseas or can be induced through the use of vaccines (depends on B and T cells) |
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| Occurs when an individual is given prepared antibodies (like immunity gained by infants from breast milk) |
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| cleansing stations for Lymph |
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| One way valves, conduct fluid back to the bloodstream |
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| Vigorous immune response to an otherwise unthreatening substance. |
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| Human cells can survive at higher temps than bacteria, by raising the temp our bodies make it harder for bacteria to reproduce |
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| One celled organism with chromosomal DNA |
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| little circles of DNA (where antibiotic resistance develops) |
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| Important to maintain variabillity |
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| bacterial cell divides into two new cells |
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| two bacteria have sex through a pilus which transfers plasmids |
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| Bacterium engulfs loose DNA from another bacteria (dangerous because this is how it jumps species) |
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| Viruses carry bacterial DNA between bacteria |
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| Used for bacterial survival, it is a dehydrated, thick walled structure that doesn't reproduce |
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| require an outside source of organic compounds |
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| Do not use oxygen, like our gut bacteria |
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| use energy from the sun to produce their own food |
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| Can exist without Oxygen but grow faster with it |
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| Reducing carbon dioxide to an organic compound |
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| Streptococcus, TB, Food Poisoning, Chlamydia |
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| kill off or inhibit bacteria by interfering with their metabolic pathways (Danger that they could kill good bacteria or encourage the development of antibacterial resistance) |
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| Heterotrophic protozoans that propell themselves usign a flagella |
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| Example MALARIA: Starts in mosquito where a male and a female sporozoa mate, they then travel to salivary glands where they are transmitted to humans, go to the liver infecting red blood cells which burst releasing toxins. |
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| Acquired from the environment, like human cells fungal cells contain nucleus, organelles, ribosomes, etc. |
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| Not composed of cells, can only reproduce inside a host cell |
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| is what our antibodies recognize |
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| Attachment, entry, Replication, Biosynthesis, Assembly, Budding |
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| Over time there are mutations in the RNA this changes the spike so the antibody can no longer recognize it |
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| When two viruses attack a cell and their DNA mixes creating a new beast which antibodies don't recognize |
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| Viral Genome composed of RNA |
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| Like tapeworms, enter body live in digestive tract |
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| Have coelum or body cavity, go from liver to heart to lungs |
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| Roundworm that chills in liver and the burrows into skeletal muscles |
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