Term
|
Definition
Haikouella
530 mya (beginning of Cambrian) |
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Term
|
Definition
found in canada
first tetrapod
do dorsal/anal fin
strong ribs |
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Term
| mammals evolved from a _____________ ancestor |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Ordovician (oldest) mostly marine, ICE
Permian (largest)siberian volcano kills mammals, dinos come
Cretaceous ( asteroid)dinos gone alligators and tutles stay |
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Term
|
Definition
530 mya
all major vertebrate groups appear
rapid fauna expansion in 20 mil yrs |
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Term
| key innovations due to cambrian explosion |
|
Definition
bilateral symmetry
skeletal hard parts |
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Term
| causes of diversification |
|
Definition
cambrian explosion
breaking up of continents causes changes in seas and temperatures which makes new types of environments |
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Term
|
Definition
first vertebrate
like jawlwss fish
filter feeder
segmented body
dorsal nerve chord
brain
post anal tail |
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Term
|
Definition
first vertebrate
like jawlwss fish
filter feeder
segmented body
dorsal nerve chord
brain
post anal tail |
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|
Term
| uncertainty regarding Haikouella brain |
|
Definition
| if had skull and was later lost or never had a skull |
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Term
|
Definition
does not include all and only descendents of an ancestor
ex:protochordates
(ex reptiles not containing birds) |
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Term
|
Definition
defines all and only decendents of a common ancestor
cladistics tries to do this |
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Term
| echiniderms, hemichordates and cephalocordates are monophyletic becuase they share these characteristics |
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Definition
| radial cleavage, indeterminate cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| each cell has potential to give rise to whole organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| mouth forms from blastopore |
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Term
|
Definition
anus forms from blastopore
archenteron makes gut
mesoderm invaginates in gut to make coelom |
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Term
| morphological sister group of vertebrates |
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Definition
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Term
| molecular sister group of vertebrates |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
radial adult
bilaeral in larvae |
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Term
|
Definition
small colonial animals
tentacles
no notochord
SOME have pharyngeal slits |
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|
Term
| enteropneusts (acorn worms) show relationship with ___________ beacuse of ______________________ |
|
Definition
have pharyngeal slits with pores
water has respiratory circuit
controversial relationship |
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Term
| stomochord is analogous to _______________ |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| looks the same bit not the same function |
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Term
| similarities between hemichordate larva and echinoderm larva |
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Definition
| cilliated, plantonic, bilateral |
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Term
| ordovician= intense and sudden |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| key innovations at end of cambrian explosion |
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Definition
| bilateral and skeletal body parts |
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Term
| unicellular ________________ becomes multicelluar________________ in deuterostomes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| deuterostomes have radial and ________________ cleavage |
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Definition
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|
Term
| hemichordates-enteropneusts show evidence of a pharyngeal or ____________ region. Importance? |
|
Definition
branchial region
might show relationship with chordates |
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|
Term
| pharyngela slits may have evolved twice. this is known as ______________________ and is not indicative of __________________________ |
|
Definition
convergence, common ancestry
(ex echinoderms and hemichordates) |
|
|
Term
| hemichordates and echinoderms are a _______________ group |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
notochord
reversed body plan
dorsal neurl tube
post anal tail
metamerization
endostyle (homologous to thyroid) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ascidian larva is tadpole shaped and shows ______________ chordate characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
| in urochordates as larvae grows to adult, the _________________ is ___________________ into the body |
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Definition
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Term
| cephalochordates (like amphioxous) share these characteristics with vertebrates |
|
Definition
well defined myomeres (metameres)
precursor of pancreas (glandular cecum) |
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Term
| urochordates share these traits with vertebrates |
|
Definition
molecular evidence
migrating cells from neural crest |
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Term
| in urochordates and vertebrates, neural creast cells come from _______________ and then they go here ______________________ |
|
Definition
dorsal region of neural tube,
migrate towards predetermined spot (thru embryo) |
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Term
| migrating neural crest cells in vertebrates make ______________________ but so far in eurochordates they make only ______________________________ |
|
Definition
| everything from neurons to CT to bones, urochordates makes melanocytes |
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Term
| fossil jawless vertebrates |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
hagfish and lampreys
jawless vertebrates |
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Term
| amphioxous is sister group to |
|
Definition
tunicates and echinoderms
(echinoderms contains cephalocordates) |
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Term
| Garstang's theory that is now refuted by molecular data |
|
Definition
echinoderms ancestor to vertebrates
thought this bc of larva (cilliated, gut flow)
couldnt find link with other chordates though
thought was monophyletic group based on larva
thought up reproduction at larval stage, paedomorphosis |
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Term
| muscular pharynx pump requires evolution of these 2 structures |
|
Definition
pharynx is flexible tissue
muscle bands in the pharynx |
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Term
|
Definition
| to maintain a more active lifestyle |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vertebrate life started in this period |
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Definition
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|
Term
| first known jawless vertebrate had __________________________ armour |
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Definition
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|
Term
| vertebrates started as suspension feeders, then developed ___________ and _______________ as became more active |
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Definition
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|
Term
| why are protochordates paraphyletic? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothesis that acorn worms gave rise to a prechordate ancestor (not found) and tunicates etc.. are evolutionary byproduct |
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Term
| first known jawless vertebrates had _____________________ armour |
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Definition
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|
Term
| notochord lies within a sheath of |
|
Definition
| fibrous connective tissues |
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|
Term
| whats in the middle of the notochord |
|
Definition
| fluid, large cells with vacuoles |
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|
Term
| why is the notochord a hydrostatic system? |
|
Definition
| because of the fluid inside it and can bend laterally and defien shape of the organism does not compress |
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|
Term
| notochord is an ancestral structure foun in __________ and _____________ also |
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Definition
| tunicates, aphioxous (cephalochordates) |
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|
Term
| in vertebrates the notochord is a _______________ feature |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| notochord is also found in some groups of fishes and ________________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| coelocanth fish have lungs filled wth _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| eggs develop in mother until ready to hatch |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
maintain existing bone
are active osteoblasts |
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Term
| bone is a specialized ___________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ossification is a special type of |
|
Definition
calcification.
depostits hydroxyapatite (cal phos) instead of Caco3 in the organic matrix
unique to vertebrates |
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Term
|
Definition
thought extinct
fati in lungs, never surface
ovoviviparous
electrosensory organs on head
prey caught by suction |
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|
Term
| notochord is later replaced by _______________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| notochord is totally _______________ in mammals |
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Definition
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|
Term
| connective tissues are secreted by |
|
Definition
fibroblasts
secretes gelatinous protein matrix |
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Term
| the two types of fibres made by fibroblasts |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| dense CT organized into dermis, - or ------------ |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
most common type of cartilage
makes bones before ossification
at ends of long bones |
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Term
|
Definition
fibroblasts (c blood vessels make surrounding tissues)
chondrocytes secrete matrix once active |
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Term
|
Definition
| chondrocytes divide and separate and secrete more matrix |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of cartilage contains the fibroblasts? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
calcified cartilage
has collagen fibres |
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Term
|
Definition
has elastic fibres
sharks and related groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| organization of matrix within the bony tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
fast growth
only few slightly visible lines |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
special type of lamellar bone
osteocytes that secrete in circles
centre of each osteon is blood vessel |
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Term
|
Definition
| lines of arrested growth in lamellar and Haversian bone |
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Term
|
Definition
teleost fish scales
also lamellar bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| brush like struckture sticking out |
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Term
| long bones in mammals are this type of bone |
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Definition
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|
Term
| haversian systems have these 3 parts |
|
Definition
compact bone
porous bone portion
lacuna |
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Term
|
Definition
| links each osteon, associates c outside blood vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
| space in bone where osteocyte is, fed constantly by blood vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
| has a cartilagenous precursor |
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|
Term
| intramembranous ossification |
|
Definition
| from mostly mesenchyme cells, no cartilage precursor |
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Term
| epiphysis (echondral bone) |
|
Definition
can stop growth
is at end of bone |
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Term
|
Definition
hollow portion of echondral bone
zone of coarse bone |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
metaphysis
(epiphyseal plate) |
|
Definition
under epiphysis
region of actively growing bone |
|
|
Term
| ossification occurs in a rhythm in areas of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do osteocyes use to recycle bone? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| three types of intramembranous bones |
|
Definition
dermal (cranial is of dermal origin)
perichondral (in deeper CT)
sesamoid (tendons) |
|
|
Term
| why are fishes paraphyletic? |
|
Definition
| group does not includ eamphibians (who are telesotomi) |
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|
Term
| hagfish previously thought primitive, molecular phylogeny shows_____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
jawless vertebrates
lampreys and hagfish monophyletic |
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|
Term
| title that unites lampreys and hagfish |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| fish, amphibians, amniotes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
protein released into water becomes filamentous, impenetrable
slimers |
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Term
|
Definition
| scavengers, tie knot in self to pull off chunks |
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Term
|
Definition
| attaches to fish with circular teeth, eats alive from outside in |
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Term
|
Definition
all that was found in fossil record is dental material from the mouth,
teeth not associated with jaws, for filter feeding |
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Term
|
Definition
bony plates, low activity, filter feeding in shallow water
(plates point to an important predator)
no eveidence of limbs, pelvic or pectoral fins |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
came from ostracoderms prob
goen at end of Devonian
pelvic and pectoral fins
armoured plated (less covered)
claspers, internal fertilization |
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|
Term
| cartilagenous fishes examples |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Placoderm
fiant head with some mobility
strongest bite that ever existed |
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Term
|
Definition
least known froup of elasmobranch
pectoral fin to swim
hammer head perhaps for mating |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| new theory of evolution of hammerhead shark |
|
Definition
| provides 369 degree vision |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ampullae of Lorenzi used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| first teleostomi were the |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spiny fish
ossification
disappeared after mass extinction |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one African family left
Palaeonisciformes
ray finned fish |
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Term
|
Definition
sturgeon and paddle fish
ancient forms |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neopterygiens:
Lepisosteiformes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lobe finned fishes
Coelocanth
leads to tetrapods
internal nares
cosmoid scales
diphycercal caudal fin (unique) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
lungfishes
show terrestrial features |
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Term
|
Definition
dual lung system
coccon of mucus
eats mud to dig hole
sarcophagus, goes dormant
adapted to dual environment |
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Term
|
Definition
fossil close to amphibians
hinge middle cranium to lift part of head
has stronger bite |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Rhipdistian
dorsal and anal fin
vertebral column not ossified
mainly aquatic |
|
|
Term
| most primitive amphibians |
|
Definition
labyrinthodonts
labyrinth teeth |
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Term
|
Definition
radiation from fish produced now extinct lineages that led to amniotes
little known about step to frogs |
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Term
|
Definition
frogmander
short stocky amphibian with fish characteristics |
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|
Term
| Hemal arch in fish locted here |
|
Definition
| in caudal vertebra not front |
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|
Term
| notochord is a _____________ structure in many fishes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fish-notochord surrounded by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fish-neural arch contains the |
|
Definition
neural spine, (pointy part)
inside has spinal cord |
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Term
|
Definition
vertebra with fused centrum
ex:cat |
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Term
|
Definition
| vertebrae have different parts, all show elements of the centrum |
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|
Term
| Vertebrae- Acoelous centrum |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
incomplete centrum
concave at both ends |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
saddle like articulating ends of centrum
bird neck, ectreme flexibility |
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|
Term
point of rotation in middle
ball and socket |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| point of rotation at bottom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heterocoelous centra movement |
|
Definition
lateral AND dorsoventral rotation
owl head movement |
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|
Term
| Notochords in adult hagfis have elements of ______ arches and spines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| shark has these in its caudal vertebra neural arch for protection |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| on shark, these vertebrae have the ribs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bony fishes developped ossification around the ________________ |
|
Definition
notochord
centrum not ossified in more primitive groups ( sturgeon) |
|
|
Term
| how are teleost (bony fish) vertebrae adapted for mvmt? |
|
Definition
pectoral/pelvic girdle used as manouever structures
amphicoelous vertebrae (concave both ends) |
|
|
Term
| sarcoptygerian (coelocanth) vs rhipidipsian (lobe finned) spines |
|
Definition
sarco-not ossified, many visible parts,
rhip-aspidospondylous (fused), arches present |
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Term
|
Definition
fossil jawless fishes
also flying fish have
used to glide |
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Term
|
Definition
caudal fin sharks and sturgeons
large upper lobe keeps heavy shark form sinking ( with large pecctoral fins too) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sarcoptygerians
caudal fin round
keeps spine straight |
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Term
|
Definition
| round caudal fin with heterocercal features , like spinal colum going up inside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keep insides from being squished after transition to land |
|
|
Term
| this feature leads us to believe tiktaalik may be first amphibian |
|
Definition
| strong ribs, came from fish with amphibian features |
|
|
Term
| undulatory mvmt of fish and amphibians the came but the ____________________ are different |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vertebra that have bony processes creates a solid ______________________ for land transition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strong lateral processed allow a spot for ______________ to attach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does body support differ beween water and air? |
|
Definition
| on land all weight on feet, in water, presssure form all sides |
|
|
Term
| what is the vertebral column used for in water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fish are closely related to ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in amniotes, only one element of the centrum is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amphibians developped these vertebrae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amphibians had very little material between the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amphibian spine adds cervical and saccral vertebrae because |
|
Definition
needs to hold head up, first neck seen
saccral vertebrae to hold pelvic girdle on |
|
|
Term
| primitive amphibians develop more cervical and _________________ as________________ |
|
Definition
| saccrals (up to 3) , as trunk becomes stronger |
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Term
|
Definition
| cranium joint for up/down head movement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| joint for lateral movement of head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in turtle
has girdle INSIDE ribs |
|
|
Term
| most vertebrates have girdle here |
|
Definition
| outside ribs and floating |
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|
Term
|
Definition
solid mass inside body
adaptation prevents need for ligaments |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 4-7 fused vertebrae at tip , caudla vertebrae, make tail structure that supports featehrs etc... bird bum |
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Term
|
Definition
| large ribs attached by centrum and have bony element btw the ribs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
fused thoracic, lumbar and saccral vertebrae, fused to pelvic girdle, no ribs
solid back no ligaments, flight adaptation |
|
|
Term
| mammals have this many cervical vertebrae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| humans have rib on 7th vertebrae that disappears in embryo, if it stays it indicates |
|
Definition
| severe health problems, cancers etc... |
|
|
Term
| dorsal and pectoral fins role= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clue dolphins returnel to sea |
|
Definition
| mammal with 7 vertebrae (fused) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| shark, dolphin etc.. show convergence in ____________________- |
|
Definition
| same type of locomotion, but evolved independently |
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|
Term
| dorsal fins of ____________________ and dophin an excellent example of convergence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whale adaptations when went back to water |
|
Definition
fused cervicals
long neural spines (for undulatory muscles to attach to)
reduction of rib cage and sternum
metapophyses (prevents excessive undulations) |
|
|
Term
| large centrum in whales allows for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whales and dolphins have lots of these bones along the ventral part of vertebral column |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
point at which weight on veretbral column is divided in 2
change of orientation of neural spines is at this point
(point in trade off on weight distribution) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knob fin on back of trout or salmon |
|
|
Term
| specialized fish like cod have fins that look like this |
|
Definition
| fins on top of each other |
|
|
Term
| agnathans missing these kind of fins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| protuberances on agnahans head may have been this |
|
Definition
homologous to pectoral/pelvic fin
unsure |
|
|
Term
| fins in most fishes are used to |
|
Definition
| regulate control (mvmt is by undulation of body) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fins for these kinds of movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fin rays in sharks are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bony fishes the fin rays are made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in rays atatch to these elements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
evolution of fins
fin fold hypothesis |
|
Definition
folds on bidy, some regions favored
acanthodian has rows of spines on body that may be remmenants of these folds
sharks too |
|
|
Term
| fin fold hypotheis shark support |
|
Definition
| pelvic and pectoral fins develop at same time on body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dermal bones at front of body
form as a carapace
pectoral fin bones look like girdle
may have sunk in to the fish |
|
|
Term
| coracoid bars btw pectoral fins on a shark formed like this |
|
Definition
| fusion of separate basal girdle elements |
|
|
Term
| scapulocoracoid is the only ____________________ bone in fish |
|
Definition
echondral (from cartilage)
rest of fish dermal |
|
|
Term
bony fish girdle
Actinopterygians-lung fishes |
|
Definition
ball and socket btw girdle and fin (instead of all the little bones)
have coracoid bars
lobe fin attaches to ball and socket |
|
|
Term
Eusthenopteron girdle
(lobe finned fish) |
|
Definition
free pelvic girdle
girdle attached to cranium
wrist bones in lobe fin
symmetrical fins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this structure will form all the bones in wrist and digits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what made evolution of neck possible |
|
Definition
loss of dermal elements in amphibian
bone does not touch cranium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primitive amphibian
pelvic girdle fused to spine
pectoral girdle free from head
7 digits |
|
|
Term
| trends in evolution of pectoral girdle |
|
Definition
loss of dermal bones
echondral bones dominate
coracoid becomes scapula and coracoid |
|
|
Term
| only dermal bone left in mammals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| girdle detached from cranium through loss of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
three echondral elements in tetrapods
ishium, illium, pubis |
|
|
Term
| illium always attaches to the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
evolution of locomotion
pectoral fin |
|
Definition
pectoral girdle free from cranium
was dermal, now enchondral
scapula and coracoid from scapulocoracoid
evolution of neck |
|
|
Term
| motion transition from water to land |
|
Definition
undulating movement the same
land twist body to provide anterior mvmt
(water makes thrust in current) |
|
|
Term
| primitive locomotion/stance on land |
|
Definition
sprawled
ok for not very active animals |
|
|
Term
| mammal femur is __________________ to ground |
|
Definition
perpendicular
(was parallel in sprawl) |
|
|
Term
| walking motion dur to spawl stance |
|
Definition
overhand
ineffecient, high energy
does pushup while overhand swing |
|
|
Term
| dino legs are on the _______________ plane and act as a ____________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dinos had a rotation of the ________________ forward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reptile lineage-dino legs |
|
Definition
humerus parallel to ground
knee forwards
hand and wrist shift forward |
|
|
Term
| amphibiansstill retain this primitive stance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| evolutionary success of fdinos in terms of locomotion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mammal locomotion evolutionary changes |
|
Definition
knee rotated forward
elbow rotates backwards
pelvis in longitudinal axis of body
anterior pectoral girdle linked to thorax in muscular sling |
|
|
Term
| these animals led to mammals |
|
Definition
primitive reptiles
possible dino (knee rotation) |
|
|
Term
| cursorial mammals have evolution towards a longer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advanced mammals walk on ___________ to increase _____________ |
|
Definition
| digits, increase length ans therefore stride |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| walks on one digit , hooves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trend toward faster limb oscillation
eliminate interis asc c tip of limb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
zhoulder stabilizer
large clavicle attached to sternum
stabilizes shoulder when weight put on arm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
digits legthened,
bones lighter |
|
|
Term
| wings-feathers-primaries are fro this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wings-featehrs-secondaries are for this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
quickburst-pheasant
soar-albatross
hover-hummingbird |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no lift so active movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tree down
insect net
ground up, escape, run up hill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elements of endochondral origin
cover cranium, nasal, inner ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visceral arches, branchial arches, hyoid, mandibular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dermal elements
cover chondrocranium and splanchocranium |
|
|
Term
chondrocranium regions
(front to back) |
|
Definition
| ehtmoid, orbital, otic, occipital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bones of jaw, hyoid and mandible (1 and 2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains small gill, receives super ozygenated blood that it sends to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visceral arch that suspends the jaw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pharyngeal region of an ostracoderm |
|
Definition
branchial arches
no jaw
first arch is respiratory |
|
|
Term
| visceral arch in primitive and spiny fossil fishes |
|
Definition
articulation( hinge) btw Meckels and quadrate
hyomadnibula in hypoid arch
hyoid arch looks like branchial arches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st visceral arch makes jaw
second makes hyoid |
|
|
Term
| how some sharks extend jaws |
|
Definition
hyoid extends and pushes mouth out
upper jaw not attached to cranium |
|
|
Term
| composite theory of jaw evolution |
|
Definition
the harder to corroborate theory
re: lots of bones and little remnant pieces made the jaws etc..
(other theory serial) |
|
|
Term
| suspensorium types in mammals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mandibular arch attached to skull though hyomandibula
(bony fishes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no arches attached to skull
agnathans |
|
|
Term
| in mammals, spalanchocranium forms this |
|
Definition
| hyoid apparatus, three middle ear bones (stapes, malleus, incus) andd styloid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| entire upper jaw incorporated into skull |
|
|
Term
| evolution of inner cranium |
|
Definition
first 2 arches segregate to hyoid and mandible
hyoid arch differentiates to suspend the jaw, spiracle occurs
branchial arches make pharynx in tetrapods (trachial rings etc)hyanomandibula stays in cranium
splanchocranium amkes inner ear bones |
|
|
Term
| echondral bones roles in braincase |
|
Definition
shark-chondrocranium makes brain platform
bon fish and tetrapods-ossified to make complex cranium (otic, occipital etc,..) |
|
|
Term
| splanchocranium contribution to skull |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enchondral neurocranium evolution |
|
Definition
reduction of enchondral neurocranium
bone fusion
dermal roof mor eimportant |
|
|
Term
| cranium structure used to classify mammals |
|
Definition
fenestrae
anapsid
diapsid
synapsid |
|
|
Term
| synapsid is 2 holes that allow for |
|
Definition
large temporal muscles
space for anchorage of muscles
stronger jaw muscles |
|
|
Term
| evolution of secondary palate |
|
Definition
| extensions of palatine, maxillary and pre-maxillary bones |
|
|
Term
| function of secondary palate |
|
Definition
dif ducts for chewing and breathing
convergence (not common ancestry cause crocs have it too) |
|
|
Term
| hardest substance in body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when teeth emerge the ______________ is already fixed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
like bone but harder
continuous deposit on inside of pulp cavity |
|
|
Term
| enamel and dentin produced by different |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dermal papillae in dermis
odontoblast makes dentin
ameloblast makes enamel
reciprocal induction
dermal origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collagenic fibres and cement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
teeth in shallow socket
crocs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
teeth inside of jaw
certain lizards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
several generations of teeth
most vertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teeth in categories (molars etc..) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occlusion btw 1st molar and 4th premolar
meat cutting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small amount of tooth above aw line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teeth-large amount showing outside jaw line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
even toed
not monophyletic (include whales) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
joint at same level as teeth
for cuttting
tight, good bite, low chance to dislocate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
joing above or below level of teeth
for grinding and lateral mvmts |
|
|
Term
| mammals teeth show convergence with dino teeth in this way |
|
Definition
t-rex, hinge same level as teeth
triceratops, hinge higher
one best solution to problems
coverge similarly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thermoregulation, osmoregulation,communicaiton, sensory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chromatophores in this layer |
|
Definition
dermis
transferred to epidermis during growth
skin color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of chromatophore
contains melanin |
|
|
Term
| morphological changes in coloration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| physiological changes in coloration |
|
Definition
| fast migration, nervous or hormonal stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chameleon like
used as warning
skunk, tree frog |
|
|
Term
| blue is not a pigment but a _______________ pigmentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
structural pigment that radiates light
rainbow lizard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| duct that comes to surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| duct that releases into bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dermis makes layer of cells that pushes outwards
basement membrane youngest cells
top layer dead stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to thick dead layer of skin that resists abrasion |
|
|
Term
| epidermis derivatives that sink into the dermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scales, feathers, teeth, mammary glands |
|
|
Term
| fossil evidence show cartilage in ostracoderms is ______________ type of ___________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no stratum corneum
granal cells make mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin and always made of live cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
placoid scales
dermal origin
dermal plate remants?
also mucus glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rotects skin from bacteria
reduced friction in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enamel and dentin added on surface of scalaes
papillae, ameloblasts etc.. same as teeth formation, same processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made from dentin (cosmine)and enamel on bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only enamel (ganoin) on bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bone, calcium deposits
ctenu |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone, calciu deposits in rings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thin dermal layer
no osteoblasts in dermal layer\living cells
unicellular mucus glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
light emitting organs in some fish
catch prey, signalling
bioluminescence |
|
|
Term
| amphibian dermis needs to be |
|
Definition
| has to protect from water loss (stay moist) but be thin to breathe |
|
|
Term
| amohibian dermis structure |
|
Definition
thin, keratinized
uni and multicellular glands
well vascularized
melano/chromato/iridip phores
some aposematic coloration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
continuous keratinized scales
fission zone
claws, no mucus
scent glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where new skin growing under old skin
detaches at molding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dermal bones in abdomen
keep belly from being squashed
associated c ribs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thin stratum corneum, thin dermal layer
uropygial glands
sclaes, claws, feathers epidermal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dermal papillae protrusion from epidermis
crown of barbs makes feather shaft, then sheath
keratin based dead structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| errector, depressor, rotator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sexual selection, thermoregulation (have to be a warm blooded reptile then)
gliding (tree down etc..) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thick stratum corneum
glands sunk in skin
apocrine glands,arrevctor pili smooth muscle, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, dermal papillae with nerves, vascularized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alveolar, produces oils (fatty acids, cholesterols and waxes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
apocrine (activated at puberty/signalling)
eccrines ( no associated with hairs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell that produces the hair in mammal skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viscous fluid, pheremones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
keratin inside
space inside=medulla
outer cuticle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central keratinized cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bony protuberance with keratinized sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensiive nerve at base, thick fibrous sheath,used to find way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long coarse outer hairs, protection , social dispays, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bones
dermal formations that shed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keratinized structure with continuous growth |
|
|
