Term
|
Definition
| small unicellular oranism, such as a bacterium, that lacks internal membrane bound organells, including a nucleus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the phospholipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of any cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fairly rigid polysaccharide supportive and protective layer containing peptidoglycan that lies outside the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sticky layer that surrounds the cell wall of some prokaryotes, protection the cell surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the contents of the cell enclosed by the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the water based fluid component of the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a particle composed of proteins and RNA at which new proteins are synthesized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a long cellular extension that rotates, enabling that cell to move. structured differently than eukaroyotic flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of separating or concentration particles suspened in a liquid medium by using centrifugal force: can be used to study the functions of subcellular structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of sorting, identifying, and measuring small molecules such as DNA and proteins by using an electric current to cause the samples to ravel down a gel filter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method used to magnify specimens for study; includes light and electron microscopy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the smallest detail that can be distinguished between two objects; resolving power is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the light or other incident beam and places limits on magnification |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the evolutionary history of an organism or group of organisms determined through comparisons of modern life forms and structures with fossils |
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Term
|
Definition
| a complex network of protein filaments found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells that maintains a cell's shape and is necessary for cell division, signaling, and movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions in the support and protection of the cell, as well as in cell-cell communication and association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a discrete, membrante-enclosed cytoplasmic structure with a specific function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organelle in a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic blueprint of DNA organized into chromatin and chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins found in the nucleous that function in the packaging of chromatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a region of the nuclus that specializes in ribosomal RNA genes, ribosomal proteins (imported from the cytoplasmic site of rRna synthsis), and ribosomal subunit assembly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small, membrante-enclosed sac found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a water-filled sac that serves various functions in the cell, including transport, structural support, and isolation of waste and harmful materials; formed from the fusion of smaller vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large membranous sac in a mature plant cel that helps to maintain cell shape and can be used to store nutrients and anti-herbivory chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organell containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen (H2) from various sutstrates to oxygen (O2) producing then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2)2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized vesicle with and acided lumen containing enzymes that break down macromolecules and bacterial cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelle found in plants and algae that is the primary site of photosynthesis and is also involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids and lipids; capable of autonomous replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organelle with a double membrane that is the site of cellular respiration in eukaryotes and is also involved in regulated cell death; capable of autonomous replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cellular structure composed of proteins and RNA at which new proteins are wynthesized; can be either attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or free in the cytosol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a region of the endoplasmic reticulum that specializes in protein synthesis; "rough" because of the ribosomes attached to it's surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a region of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for lipid synthesis; "smooth" because it lacks attached ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organelle that routes proteins and lipids to various parts of the eukaryotic cell from the ER and synthesizes certain cellular products, notably non-cellulose carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibers that stabilize cell structure- for example, maintaining the position of the nucleus and other organelles- composed of helical subunits of fibrous proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two actin polymers that function in cell shape, muscle action with myosin, cytoplasmic streaming, cell division and motility, and anchoring proteins in the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cylinders made of tublin that function in motility (e.g.: flagella and cilia), support of cell shape, or transport of chromosomes and vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hair-like structure found in some eukaryotes that uses a rowing motion to propel the organism or to move fluid over cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a long cellular extension that lashes and enables that cell to move (structure differently than prokaryotic flagella) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which a cell transports and directs proteins to specific organelles or secretion outside the cell |
|
|
Term
| (ER) signal sequence or signal peptide |
|
Definition
| short amino acid sequence which targets nascent proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum and secretion pathway |
|
|
Term
| fluid mosaic model of membrane structure |
|
Definition
| a model that describes the phospholipid bilayer as fluid and proposes that integral membrane proteins float freely in the lipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release of proteins or other cellular products into the extracellular space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which secretory vesicles fuse with and become part of th plasma membrane, releaseing vescular contents outside the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which vesicles are internalized from the plasma membrane; often used to absorb or ingest molecular contents into the cell |
|
|
Term
| integral membrane protein |
|
Definition
| protin that is permanently embedded in the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| integral membrane protein that spans the entire width of a cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane due to solute differences on either side of the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solutions separated by a membrane and containing an equal concentration of non-permeating solutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solution with a lower concentration of non-permeating solutes than that of the solution on the other side of a membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solution with a higher concentration of non-permeating solutes than that of the solution on the other side of a membrane |
|
|
Term
| facilitated diffusion (passive transport) |
|
Definition
| movement of molecules across a membrane via transport proteins without enerty from ATP hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of molecules across a membrane, typically against a concentration gradient, by transport proteins that require energy from ATP hydrolysis; this energy requirement can be direct (primary active transport) or indirect (secondary active transport) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combined electrical anc chemical (diffusion) forces acting on an ion between two sides of a cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrial potential or voltage between the two sides of the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport protein for the facilitated diffusion of water through a cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport protein fro the facilitated diffusion of ion(s) through a cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein that moves ion(s) through a cell membrane by a primary active transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein that moves two or more molecules through a cell membrane by secondary active transport |
|
|
Term
| fluid mosaic model of membrane structure |
|
Definition
| a model that describes the phospholipi bilayer as fluid and proposes that integral membrane proteins float freely in the lipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a molecule or ion that forms a complex with a receptor to initiate a signaling sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| target site where a ligand binds, changing the conformation of the recptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the specific cell containing a receptor for a particular ligand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signaling that occurs when the target cell is near the signaling cell (e.g.: growth factors) |
|
|
Term
| exocrine/hormonal signaling |
|
Definition
| signaling initiated bya cell or gland in one part of the body that is inteneded for cells in other parts of the body; the signal travesl throught the blood stream (e.g.: hormones) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of paracrine signaling between two specific cells connected by a synapse (e.g.: neurotransmitters) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| singnaling shere the ligand binds to receptors on the same cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signaling between adjacent cells (paracine, autocrine, and synaptic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signaling between cells separated by some distances (exocrine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an anzyme that transfers phosphate groups, usually from ATP to substrates; also called a phosphotransferase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme thar removes phosphate groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that breaks phosphodiester donds, such as in cAMP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| converts ATP to cAMP in order to transfer signals |
|
|
Term
| Who first saw cell walls and when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses that bend the light in such a way that the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye |
|
|
Term
| three parameters in microscopy |
|
Definition
| magnification, resolution, and contrast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ration of image to real size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of clarity, minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as two points |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accentuates differences in parts of the sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invented in the 1950's, focuses a beam of electrons through or onto a specimen. resolution is inversely related to wavelength |
|
|
Term
| scanning electron microscope (SEM) |
|
Definition
| useful for the detailed study of the topography of a specimen |
|
|
Term
| transmission electron microscope (TEM) |
|
Definition
| is used to study the internal structure of cells |
|
|
Term
| examples of prokaryotic cells |
|
Definition
| organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea |
|
|
Term
| examples of eukaryotic cells |
|
Definition
| protists, fungi, animals, and plants |
|
|
Term
| common basic features of cells |
|
Definition
plasma membrane
cytosol
chromosomes
ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the area between the nucleus and plasma membrane, contains the organelles suspended in cytosol |
|
|
Term
| how large are typical bactria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how large are the typical eukaryotic cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell. |
|
|
Term
| as a cell ________ in size, its volumes grows proportionately more than its ________ |
|
Definition
| as a cell increases in size it's volume grows proportionately more than its surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains the genetic information in eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a double membrane that encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, also may help organize the genetic material so it functions efficiently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structures that carry genetic information. each one contains one long DNA molecules associated with many proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex of DNA and proteins (including the ones that induce chromosome-length-reducing protein folding) that make up chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| what happens to chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide? |
|
Definition
| they coil and condense further until they become thick enough to be distinguished as separate structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dense structure in a nondividing nucleus that synthesizes ribosomal RNA and assembles subunits of ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| what happens to mRNA in the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
| once it reaches the cytoplasm, ribosomes translate the mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| what are ribosomes made of |
|
Definition
| rRNA and protein make up these structures |
|
|
Term
| cells that have high rates of protein synthesis have large numbers of these structures |
|
Definition
| ribosomes or more present in cells that have high rates of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| where do ribosomes build proteins? |
|
Definition
| they build proteins in free ribosomes and bound ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| where are free ribosomes located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are bound ribosomes located? |
|
Definition
| attaced to the outside of the endoplasimic reticulum or nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
| what are the differences between free and bound ribosomes? |
|
Definition
no fuctional differences between these two structures except:
free: generally makes sugar breakdown enzymes
bound: proteins headed to membranes |
|
|
Term
| cells that specialize in protein secretion have high proportions of _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
many of the different membranes in eukaryotic cell including:
1. nuclear envelope
2. endoplasmic reticulum
3. golgi apparatus
4. lysosomes
5. vesicles and vacuoles
6. plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| functions of endomembrane system: |
|
Definition
1. synthesis of proteins
2. transport of proteins to membranes/organelles/out of cell
3. metabolism and movement of lipids
4. detoxification |
|
|
Term
| what relates membranes of the endomambrane system? |
|
Definition
| either vesicles or direct physical continuity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sacs of membrane that connect various aspects of the endomembrane system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an extensive network of membranes within the cytoplasm consisting of tubules and sacs called cisternae. seperates ER lumen (cisternal space) from the cytosol and si continuous with the nuclear envelop so the space between the two membranes is continuous with the lumen of the ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lacks ribosomes on it's outer surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. synthesis of lipids
2. metabolism of carbs
3. detoxification
4. stores calcium ions
5. synthesizes enzymes that interact with oils, lipids, phospholipids, and steriods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. protein secretion, polypeptides form from bound ribosomes
2. protein chains enter the ER lumen (where they fold) through the rough ER
3. membrane factory for the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretory proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them by ER enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membranes that transport shit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping and manufacturing of the cell. modifies and stores products of ER, then sends them elsewhere. consists of flatened membranes and looks like a stack of pancakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receiving end, usually located near the ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membreous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal uses to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules. |
|
|
Term
| what kind of environment do lysosomes require to function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do lysosomes come about? |
|
Definition
| probably from budding of the trans end of the golgi apparatus after they are created from the golgi apparatus manufacturing ER product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process during which a damaged organelle or small amount of cytosol becomes surrounded by the a double membrane and a lysosome fuses with the outer membrare of this vesicle and dismantles the enclosed material, and the organic monomers are returned to the cytosol for reuse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus, an integral part of the cells endomembrane system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in mature plant cells, plays a role in storage of sap, growth of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in plants and algae, site of photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| states that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell and eventually the engulfed cell formed a relationship with the host cell in which it was enclosed, becoming an endosymbiont |
|
|
Term
| support for endosymbiont theory |
|
Definition
mitochondria and chloroplasts have
1. two membranes surrounding them
2. contain their own DNA, proteins, and ribosomes
3. autonomous- grow and reproduce independently within the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infoldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enclosed by the inner membrane and contains many different enzymes as well as mitochodrial DNA and ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| because of its many folds, it boosts the mitochondiral membrane's surface area and by default the rate of cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no, mitochondria move throughout the cell, fuse, divide, and change shapes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located within the chloroplasts, flattened interconnected sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid outside the thylakoids which contains chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as enzymes |
|
|
Term
| three compartments of the chloroplasts: |
|
Definition
1. intermembrane space
2. stroma
3. thylakoid space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no, chloroplasts also grow, pinch in two, move throughout the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a family of plant organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane that contains enzymes that remove hydromgen atoms from various sutvstrates and transfer them to oxygen (O2) and thus producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, plays a major role in organizing the structures and activities of the cell |
|
|
Term
| three components of the cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
1. microtubules
2. microfilaments
3. intermediate filaments |
|
|
Term
| hows the cytoskeleton support the cell?shape |
|
Definition
| the cytoskeleton stabalizes the cell by balancing opposing forces, similar to a dome or tent |
|
|
Term
| what are some functions of the cytockeleton? |
|
Definition
1. structure
2. anchorage for organelles
3. dismantled for reassembly = changing the shape of the cell
4. cell motility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor proteins and the cytoskeleton working together to move the cell and parts of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow vesicles and organelles within the cell, as well as for the cell itself, to move along a fiberous track provided by the cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| functions of microtubules |
|
Definition
1. cell shape (compression resistance)
2. cell motility (cilia or flagella)
3. chromosome movements in cell division
4. organelle movements |
|
|
Term
| what are microtubules made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of microtubules |
|
Definition
| hollow tubes consisting of 13 tubline molecules columns |
|
|
Term
| function of microfilaments |
|
Definition
1. shape (tension bearing elements)
2. changes in shape
3. muscle contraction
4. cytoplasmic streaming
5. cell motility (pseudopodia)
6. cell division (cleavage furrow formation) |
|
|
Term
| subunits of microfilaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of microfilaments |
|
Definition
| two intertwined strands of actin |
|
|
Term
| intermediate filaments structure |
|
Definition
| fibrous proteins supercoilded into thicker cables |
|
|
Term
| subunits of intermediate filaments |
|
Definition
| one type of protein, usually keratins |
|
|
Term
| functions of intermediate filaments |
|
Definition
1. cell shape (tension bearing)
2. anchorage of nucleus and other organelles
3. formation of nuclear lamina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in animal cells, microtubuals grow out of a cetrosome, a region near the nucleus that organizes microtubuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located inside the cenrosome, composed of nine sets of triple microtubules arranged in a ring. not essential for eukaryotic function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| longer microtubual extensions, usually just one or a few per cell, that generate force in the same direction as it's axis (like a fish tail), providing movement to the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shorter, more abundent cell extensions that generate force in a perpendicular direction to the axis (like oars). may also act as a signal-receiving "antenna" |
|
|
Term
| structure of motile cilium and flagellum |
|
Definition
| group of microtubules sheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. consists of nine doublets of microtubules arranged in a ring around two single microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anchors the cilium or flagellum, similar to the centriole with microtubules triplets in the 9 + 0 platform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cross-linking proteins that link microtubular doublets and are responsible for the bending movements of the organell by 'walking' down the microtubule |
|
|
Term
| microfilaments are present in all ______ cells. |
|
Definition
| microfilaments are present in all eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semisolid, gel-like, outer layer of the cytoplasm formed by microfilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delicate projections that increase the cells surface area formed by microfilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when actin filaments arranged in parralel to one another are interdigitated with myosin and these myosin acts as a motor protein and causes the actin and myosin proteins to slide by one another, shortening the cell and collectively causing muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| false foot extensions caused by actin-myosin interactions |
|
|
Term
| even after a cell dies, ________ networks often persist |
|
Definition
| even after a cell dies, intermediate filament networks often persist. |
|
|
Term
| functions of the cell wall |
|
Definition
1. protects
2. maintains shape
3. prevents excessive uptake of water
4. holds up the plant against gravity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| young cell's relatively thin and flexible wall in which the cellulose fibrils are oriented at right angles to the cell expansion |
|
|
Term
| how do microtubules affect the growth pattern of cells? |
|
Definition
| microtubules guide cellulose synthase, thus orienting cellulose deposition and synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a thin layer rich sticky polysaccharides located between the primary walls of adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
| function of middle lamella |
|
Definition
1. glues adjacent cells together
2. strengthens the cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located between the plasma membrane and the cell wall, offers protection and support |
|
|
Term
| extracellular matrix (ECM) |
|
Definition
| animal cell equivalent of a cell wall, composed of glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most abundent ECM, embedded in a network of proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell surface receptor proteins built into the plasma membrane, transmit signals between the ECM and the sytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| By communicating through _______ the ______ can regulate a cell's behavior. |
|
Definition
| by communicating through integrins, the ECM can regulate a cell's behavior |
|
|
Term
| mechanical signaling involves: |
|
Definition
| fibronectin, integrins, and microfilaments of the cytoskeletons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane-lined channels filled with cytoplasm which cytosol passes through and joins the internal chemical environments of adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
| three main types of cell juctions |
|
Definition
tight juctions
desmosomers
gap junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed together. prevents leakage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets with intermediate filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another, similar to plasmodesmata's function in plants. consists of membranes surrounding a pore. gap junctions are necessary for communication between many types of tissue. |
|
|
Term
| features of prokaryotic cells: |
|
Definition
1. no nucleus
2. DNA in unbounded region (nucleoid)
3. no membrane-bound organelles
4. cytoplasma bound by the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| features of eukaryotic cells |
|
Definition
1. DNA in bounded nudleus
2. membrane-bound organelles
3. cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| what happens as a cell prepares to divide? |
|
Definition
| the chromatin condenses to form descrete chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
DAN binding proteins
RNA binding/processing proteins, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid inside the nucleus is a suspension of DNA, RNA, proteins, fibers nucleotides, etc. |
|
|
Term
| the ER membrane is continuous with the ______ |
|
Definition
| the ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
| free ribosomes are used for protein synthesis of proteins that: |
|
Definition
1. remain in the cytoplasm
2. go to the nucleus
3. mitochondria/chloroplast
4. peroxiosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. enter to the ER or go to Golgi
2. from glogi the go to...
a. lysosomes
b. the plasma membrane
c. secrete out of cell
d. back to ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind to exposed hydrophobic regions of misfolded proteins and prevent them from entering budding vesicle |
|
|
Term
| proteins that enter the endomembrane system... |
|
Definition
1. get shipped to an organelle
2. get secreted out of cell
3. incorportate into membranes
4. get shipped back to ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| engulfing another cell to digest it |
|
|
Term
| how are food vacuoles formed? |
|
Definition
| food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pump out excess water, often found in many freshwater protists |
|
|
Term
| Domain Bacteria and Archaea consist of what kind of organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Domain Eukarya consist of what kind of organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| eukaryotes include what kinds of organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Earth's first organisms were probably_____ |
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Definition
| Earth's first organisms were probably prokaryotes |
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Term
| most prokaryotes are ____ |
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Definition
| most prokaryotic cells are unicellular |
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Term
| how large are prokaryotic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| how large are eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three most common prokaryotic shapes? |
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Definition
1. cocci (spheres)
2. rods (bacilli)
3. spirals |
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Term
| eukaryote cells walls are made of |
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Definition
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Term
| prokaryotic cell walls contain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a component of prokaryotic cell walls that consists of a network of sugar polymers crosslinked by polypeptides |
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Term
| archaea contain ___and ___ in their cell walls but lack _____ |
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Definition
| archaea contain polysaccharides and proteins in their cell walls but lack pepidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
| have a large amount of peptidoglycan and simpler walls that trap crystal violet dye, which masks the red dye |
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Term
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Definition
| have cell walls containing less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic. the crystal violet dye is not retained by the cell wall and thus the red dye is revealed |
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Term
| implications of having a non-peptidoglycan wall? |
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Definition
| makes cells more resistant to antibiotics because they target the peptidoglycan and damage the cell walls to kill bacteria, this is why humans can take effectively antibiotics, because their cells are not damaged but the foreign bacteria's are. |
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Term
| What makes gram-negative cells potentially dangerous? |
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Definition
| they are antibiotic resistant and have a capsule polysaccharide/protein layer to protect them |
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