Term
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Definition
| the units of heredity, consist of segments of DNA. passed to the next generation via gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive cells that pass on genes to the next generation (sperm and eggs) |
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Term
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Definition
| a genes specific location on a certain chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| any cell other than a gamete |
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Term
| how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? |
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Definition
| human's have 23 pairs of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell |
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Term
| homologous chromosomes, a.k.a. homologs |
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Definition
| the two chromosomes in each pair, the are the same length, shape, and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters |
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Term
| each pair of _______ chromosomes includes one chromosome from each parent |
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Definition
each pair of homologous chromosomes includes once chromosome from each parent
ex- the 46 chromosomes in a human somatic are two sets of 23, one set from the father and one from the mother |
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Term
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Definition
a diploid cell has two sets of chomosomes.
for humans, the diploid number is 46 (2n=46, n=23) |
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Term
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Definition
| the basis for reproduction, enables a cell to renew and repair itself |
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Term
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Definition
| the life of a cell from the time its formed from a dividing parent until it's own division during which it passes identical genetic material |
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Definition
| reproduction, growth and development, tissue renewal |
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Term
| what's the difference between euk and prok chromosomes? |
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Definition
| euk are linear and prok are circular |
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Term
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Definition
| the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| joined copies of the original chromosome. contain identical DNA as original chromatid, and are initially attached along their lengths |
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Term
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Definition
| attach chromatids together |
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Term
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Definition
| a region containing specific DNA sequences where the chromatid is attached most closely to it's sister |
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Term
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Definition
| the division of the genetic material in the nucleus. produces somatic cells. responisle for the replace |
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Term
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Definition
| the division of the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| a variation of cell division that produces gametes yeilding nonidentical daughter cells that have only one set of chromosomes, half as many as the parent cell |
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Term
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Definition
| miotic (M) phase, G1, S phase, and G2 |
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Term
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Definition
| includes both mitosis and cytokinesis, shortest of the phases |
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Term
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Definition
| accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle, contains the subphases G1, S, and G2. During this time the cell is growing and producing proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| phase during which chromosomes are duplicated |
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Term
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Definition
| phase during which cell grows |
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Term
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Definition
| phase during which cell grows and completes preparation for division |
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Term
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Definition
| prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
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Term
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Definition
| forms in the cytoplasm during prophase, consists of fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| in animal cells, a subcellular region containing material that organizes the cells microtubules. assemsbles spindle microtubles |
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Term
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Definition
| array of short microtubles extending from the centrosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at each centromere. site ate which some of the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores |
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Term
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Definition
1. chromatin fibers condense into chromosomes
2. the nucleoli disapper
3. the mitotic spindle begins to form
4. centrosomes move away from each other |
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Term
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Definition
1. nuclear envelope fragments
2. microtubules invade the nuclear area
3. chromosomes continue to condense
4. each of the two chromatids of the chromosomes now have a kinetochore
5. microtubules attach to the kinetochore and play tug of war |
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Term
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Definition
1. centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell
2. chromosomes convene at the metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
shortest stage
1. cohesin proteins are cleaved, making each chromatid a full-fledged chromosome
2.liberated daughter chromosomes being to move towards opposite ends of the cell
3. the cell elongates as nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen
4. at the end, each end of the cell has equal and complete collections of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
1. two daughter nuclei form in the cell
2. chromosomes become less condensed
3. remaining spindle microtubules are depolymerized |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the cytoplasm, in animal cells this division occurs as a result of a cleavage furrow. begins during the late stages of telephase |
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Term
| what evidence is there for cytoplasmic regulatory systems? |
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Definition
| when cells in one phase are fused with cells in a phase further in the cell cycle the original cell immediately moved into the next phase to match |
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Term
| what is the most important check point for most cells? |
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Definition
| for most cells, the most important check point is the G1. if the cell gets the go ahead at G1, it will likely complete the cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell enters this phase if it fails to pass the G1 checkpoint and switches into a nondividing state |
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Term
| what are the two types of regulatory proteins |
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Definition
cyclins
cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) |
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Term
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Definition
| a cyclin-dependent kinase called 'maturation promoting factor' that triggers a cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint. peaks of MPF correspond to the peaks of cyclin concentration. |
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Term
| ______ is directly associated to ________ concentration |
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Definition
| MPF activity is directly associated to cyclin concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| external signals proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide |
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Term
| density-dependent inhibition |
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Definition
| an external signals in which crowded cells stop dividing. thee binding of a cell surface protein to its counterpart on an adjoing cell sends a growth-inhibiting signal to both cells, preventing them from moving forward in the cell cycle, even in the presence of growth factors |
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Term
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Definition
| to divide, cells must be attached to a substratum, such as the extracellular matrix of a tissue. |
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Term
| how are external control factors signaled to the control system? |
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Definition
| external control factors are suggested to be signaled to the cell control system via pathways involving the plasma membrane proteins and elements of the cytoskeleton linked to them |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that do not heed regulatory signals, they divide excessively and invade other tissues. |
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Term
| how can cancer cells excessively divide? |
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Definition
| they can make their own growth factors, may have abnormal control systems as a result of faluty protein products from a genetic mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| the original transformation of a normal cell to a cancer cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer cells that remain at the original site, usually not causing serious problems and fairly easy to remove |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer cells who are able to spread to new tissues and impair functions of organs |
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Term
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Definition
| the spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site |
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Term
| how do chromatids separate and move along kinetochore microtubuals? |
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Definition
| sister chromatides move to opposite poles along the kinetochore microtubules by the shortening of these microtublules by depolymerization at their kinetochore ends |
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Term
| how do cells elongate during anaphase? |
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Definition
| the cell elongates during anaphase by overlapping nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlapping and pushing against one another |
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Term
| whats the difference between animal and plant cytokinesis? |
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Definition
| during animal cytokinese, a cleavage furrow forms and the cell pinches in two. in plants, a cell plate forms |
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Term
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Definition
| vesicles carrying cell wall materials move along microtubles in the middle of the cell where they coalesce, producing a cell plate that eventually enlarges until its surrounding membrane fuses with the plasma membrane along the perimeter of the cell. |
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Term
| protists that support the binary fission --> mitosis hypothosis |
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Definition
| dinoflagellates, diatoms, some yeasts |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that cyclically fluctuates its concentration and activates regulatory kinase |
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Term
| that activity of Ckds rises and falls with changes in ________ |
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Definition
| the activity of Ckds rise and falls with changes in it's cyclin partner's concentration |
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Term
| wynthesis of cyclin begins in the _______ phase and continues through _____- |
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Definition
| synthesis of cyclin begins in the S phase and continues to accumulate through the G2 phase |
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Term
| how does MPF switch itself off? |
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Definition
| MPF switches itself off by initiating a process that leads to the distruction of its own cyclin |
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Term
| when does MPF's activity peak? |
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Definition
| MPF's activity peaks during metaphase |
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Term
| give an example of an internal signal |
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Definition
| during anaphase, the separation of of sister chromatids does not begin until all the kinetochores are attached to microtubles and create the appropriate regulatory protein complex become activate |
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