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bio 2, chapter 33
noncoelomate invertebrates
26
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/29/2009

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Term
List 9 general features of animals
Definition
1. heterotrophs – herbivores, carnivores, detritivores
2. multicellular
3. no cell walls
4. most are mobile at one or more life stages
5. diverse in form
6. diverse in habitat
7. most reproduce sexually with haploid gametes
8. have a characteristic pattern of embryonic development
9. cells specialized to form tissues (except Parazoa)
Term
List 5 evolutionary transitions in animals.
Definition
1. Tissues – diploblastic  triploblastic
2. Symmetry – none  radial  bilateral
3. Body cavity – acoelom  pseudocoleom  coelom
4. Developmental patterns – protostome  deuterostome
5. Segmentation = repeated units in the body
Term
What group of animals (includes 2 phyla) do not have symmetry?
Definition
sponges and parazoa
Term
What are the two main types of symmetry in animals.
Definition
radial and bilateral
Term
What are the 2 advantages of bilateral symmetry?
Definition
-Body has right and left halves that are mirror images
-Only the sagittal plane bisects the animal into two equal halves
Term
Define cephalization.
Definition
-Evolution of a defined brain area
Term
What are the 3 primary germ layers?
Definition
-Outer ectoderm (body coverings and nervous system)
-Middle mesoderm (skeleton and muscles)
-Inner endoderm (digestive organs and intestines)
Term
What does each primary germ layer give rise to in a fully-developed animal?
Definition
-Outer ectoderm (body coverings and nervous system)
-Middle mesoderm (skeleton and muscles)
-Inner endoderm (digestive organs and intestines)
Term
What is the difference between the 3 types of body cavities in animals?
Definition
-Acoelomates = No body cavity
-Pseudocoelomates = Body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm
-Coelomates = Body cavity entirely within the mesoderm
Term
Define pseudocoel and coelom.
Definition
-Pseudocoelomates =Body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm
-Coelomates = Body cavity entirely within the mesoderm
Term
What did the evolution of the coleom lead to?
Definition
made possible the development of advanced organs systems
Term
What are the 2 types of circulatory systems in coelomates and how do they differ?
Definition
-Open circulatory system: blood passes from vessels into sinuses, mixes with body fluids and reenters the vessels
-Closed circulatory system: blood moves continuously through vessels that are separated from body fluids
Term
Define blastula
Definition
-Mitotic cell divisions of the egg form a hollow ball of cells
Term
Define blastopore
Definition
Opening to outside
Term
Define archenteron
Definition
Primitive gut cavity
Term
What group of animals develops the mouth before the anus?
Definition
Protostomes
Term
What group of animals develops the anus before the mouth?
Definition
Deuterostomes
Term
What are the 4 differences between protostomes and deuterostomes?
Definition
-1. Cleaveage pattern of embryonic cells
-Protostomes: spiral cleavage
-Deuterostomes: radial cleavage
-2. Developmental fate of embryonic cells
-Protostomes: determinate development
-Deuterostomes: indeterminate development
-3. Fate of blastopore
-Protostomes: becomes mouth
-Deuterostomes: becomes anus
-4. Formation of coelom
-Protostomes: forms simply and directly from the mesoderm
-Deuterostomes: forms indirectly from the archenteron
Term
What are 2 advantages of segmentation?
Definition
-1. Allows redundant organ systems in adults such as occurs in the annelids
-2. Allows for more efficient and flexible movement because each segment can move independently
Term
Metazoans (= multicellular animals) are divided into two subkingdoms Parazoa and Eumetazoa. What is the difference between them?
Definition
-Parazoa (Sponges - the simplest animals) lack defined tissues and organs
-Have the ability to disaggregate and aggregate their cells
-Eumetazoa (all other animals) have distinct and well-defined tissues
-Have irreversible differentiation for most cell types
Term
Define diploblastic
Definition
2 primary germ layers
Term
Define triploblastic
Definition
3 primary germ layers
Term
traditional classification?
Definition
based on key morphological characters
Term
molecular systematics?
Definition
based on unique gene sequences
Term
Is Kingdom Animalia monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?
Definition
monophyletic
Term
What occurred during the Cambrian explosion?
Definition
The enormous expansion of animal diversity in the Cambrian period (543 to 525 MYA)
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