Term
| List 9 general features of animals |
|
Definition
1. heterotrophs – herbivores, carnivores, detritivores
2. multicellular
3. no cell walls
4. most are mobile at one or more life stages
5. diverse in form
6. diverse in habitat
7. most reproduce sexually with haploid gametes
8. have a characteristic pattern of embryonic development
9. cells specialized to form tissues (except Parazoa) |
|
|
Term
| List 5 evolutionary transitions in animals. |
|
Definition
1. Tissues – diploblastic triploblastic
2. Symmetry – none radial bilateral
3. Body cavity – acoelom pseudocoleom coelom
4. Developmental patterns – protostome deuterostome
5. Segmentation = repeated units in the body |
|
|
Term
| What group of animals (includes 2 phyla) do not have symmetry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main types of symmetry in animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 advantages of bilateral symmetry? |
|
Definition
-Body has right and left halves that are mirror images
-Only the sagittal plane bisects the animal into two equal halves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Evolution of a defined brain area |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 primary germ layers? |
|
Definition
-Outer ectoderm (body coverings and nervous system)
-Middle mesoderm (skeleton and muscles)
-Inner endoderm (digestive organs and intestines) |
|
|
Term
| What does each primary germ layer give rise to in a fully-developed animal? |
|
Definition
-Outer ectoderm (body coverings and nervous system)
-Middle mesoderm (skeleton and muscles)
-Inner endoderm (digestive organs and intestines) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the 3 types of body cavities in animals? |
|
Definition
-Acoelomates = No body cavity
-Pseudocoelomates = Body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm
-Coelomates = Body cavity entirely within the mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| Define pseudocoel and coelom. |
|
Definition
-Pseudocoelomates =Body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm
-Coelomates = Body cavity entirely within the mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| What did the evolution of the coleom lead to? |
|
Definition
| made possible the development of advanced organs systems |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of circulatory systems in coelomates and how do they differ? |
|
Definition
-Open circulatory system: blood passes from vessels into sinuses, mixes with body fluids and reenters the vessels
-Closed circulatory system: blood moves continuously through vessels that are separated from body fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Mitotic cell divisions of the egg form a hollow ball of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group of animals develops the mouth before the anus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group of animals develops the anus before the mouth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 differences between protostomes and deuterostomes? |
|
Definition
-1. Cleaveage pattern of embryonic cells
-Protostomes: spiral cleavage
-Deuterostomes: radial cleavage
-2. Developmental fate of embryonic cells
-Protostomes: determinate development
-Deuterostomes: indeterminate development
-3. Fate of blastopore
-Protostomes: becomes mouth
-Deuterostomes: becomes anus
-4. Formation of coelom
-Protostomes: forms simply and directly from the mesoderm
-Deuterostomes: forms indirectly from the archenteron |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 advantages of segmentation? |
|
Definition
-1. Allows redundant organ systems in adults such as occurs in the annelids
-2. Allows for more efficient and flexible movement because each segment can move independently |
|
|
Term
| Metazoans (= multicellular animals) are divided into two subkingdoms Parazoa and Eumetazoa. What is the difference between them? |
|
Definition
-Parazoa (Sponges - the simplest animals) lack defined tissues and organs
-Have the ability to disaggregate and aggregate their cells
-Eumetazoa (all other animals) have distinct and well-defined tissues
-Have irreversible differentiation for most cell types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| traditional classification? |
|
Definition
| based on key morphological characters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on unique gene sequences |
|
|
Term
| Is Kingdom Animalia monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurred during the Cambrian explosion? |
|
Definition
| The enormous expansion of animal diversity in the Cambrian period (543 to 525 MYA) |
|
|
