Term
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Definition
| All biotic and abiotic factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pertaining to the living organisms in the enviroment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how organisms interact with each other and their enviroment |
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Term
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Definition
| Evaporation> Condensation into couds> precipitation |
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Term
| Describe the carbon cycle |
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Definition
| Plants and phytoplankton remove CO2 while plants, volcanos, etc relese CO2 back into the atmosphere |
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Term
| Describe the Nitrogen Cycle |
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Definition
| Bacteria & decomposers> Plants> Animals |
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Term
| Define net primary production (NPP) |
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Definition
| The Gross primary production of any ecosystem minus the energy used by the producers for resperation |
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Term
| Define gross primary production(GPP) |
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Definition
| The total primary production of an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
Land: Vascular plants
water: Non-vascular plants |
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Term
| Whats the max trophic level you can have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much energy is transfered between trophic levels? |
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Definition
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Term
Energy transfer question
Production efficiency=? |
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Definition
Production efficiency= NSP/ Assimilation of NPP
*NSP = Secondary productivity |
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Term
true/false
Inverted energy pyramid are common. |
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Definition
| false, Inverted energy pyramid are uncommon. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between biotic and abiotic material |
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Definition
You have unavailable nuterients such as minerals in rocks which is weathered by erosion making them usable by biotic organisms. Biotic organisms fossilize making the nutrients unavaliable again.
fig. 55.13 |
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Term
| What are some of humans influences on the ecosystem |
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Definition
Nutrient enrichment (ferterlizer)
Acid precipitation
Toxins (pesticide)
Greenhouse gases
Ozone depletion |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how species interactions affect community composition |
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Term
| List tye type of interactions species have. |
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Definition
Competition (-/-)
Preditation & herbivory (+/-)
Symbiosis
-Parasitism(+/-)
-Mutualism(+,+)
-Commensalism(+/0) |
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Term
| What is the difference between a nitch and a fundamental nitch |
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Definition
A niche is where a species can live while a fundamental niche is where a species wants to live.
ie. Humans can live in 100 degree weather but we prefer not to. So our niche includes 100 degrees while our fundamental niche does not. |
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Term
| Name and describe the different types of competitive exclusion. |
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Definition
Resource partitioning: The dividing of scarce resources in order that species with similar requirements can use the resources in different ways, in different places, and/or at different times.
local extinction: One species is killed off in that area.
character displacement: variation of traits. IE darwin's finches. |
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Term
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Definition
| An endosymbiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that remains on the surface of its host or occupies a body cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of species in a biological community |
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Term
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Definition
| Keystone species are species that exerts a strong control on the enviroment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a species with substantially higher abundance or biomass then other species in a community. Dominate species exert a powerfull control over the occurrence and distribution of other species |
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Term
| What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession |
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Definition
Primary succession is after a disturbance where the soil is nolonger intact. Usually autotrophic and hetrotrophic prokaryotes inhabbit these areas and develope soil from the remains.
Secondary succession occurses when there is some soil intact from the disturbance or from primary succession. |
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Term
| what is population ecology? |
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Definition
| Examins how the enviroment influences a population's distribution, size and dynamics. |
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Term
| What are the different types of population distribution and describe each one. |
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Definition
Clumped: when species live in one area
Uniform: when species are spread out in an area equally
Random: When a species is distributed randomly in an area |
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Term
| What are the sampling techniques for determining population size and density |
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Definition
Counting the entire population
Randomly select areas and count the species in that area and take the average then multiply out by the total area these species are found in.
Mark-recapture method is where you capture a set amount of species at random and mark them. Later on you recapture more of the species at random. The ratio of tagged found to total tagged is the ratio of species in the enviroment. fig 53.2 for more info. |
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Term
| What is the formula for the size of a population |
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Definition
N(t+1) = N(t)+B-D+I-E
Where:
N(t+1)=Tommorow there will be
N(t)=Today there is
B=Births
D=Deaths
I=Immigration
E=Emigration |
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Term
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Definition
| An age-specific summarie of the survival pattern of a population |
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Term
| What are the types of survivorship curves? |
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Definition
Type 1: Low birth death but high old age death (ie humans)
Type 2: Constant death throught the life span (ie squirrels)
Type 3: High birth mortality but low old age deaths(IE clams) |
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Term
| Different types of population growth and describe each one |
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Definition
Exponential growth - no carrying limit
Logistic growth - with carrying limit
Density dependant growth- as the population gets to dense it reproduces less |
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Term
| What is the formula for exponential growth |
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Definition
dn/dt = r(max)*N
where
dn/dt = population change over time
r(max) = max incrase rate for a species
N=population size |
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Term
| what is the formula for logistic growth |
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Definition
dn/dt=r(max)*N*((K-N)/K))
Where:
dn/dt = population change over time
r(max) = max incrase rate for a species
N=population size
K= carrying capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| reproducing only once in a lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| reproducing more than once in a lifetime |
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Term
| What are the different types of fixed action patterns? |
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Definition
Communication
Directed movements
Reproduction |
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Term
| List the types of learned behaviors and explain what they are. |
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Definition
Imprinting: learning something that cannot be unlearned (ie ducks)
Spatial learning: learning about the environment and its spatial orientation |
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Term
| Define phenotypic plasticity |
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Definition
| One genotype has different phenotypes in different enviroments |
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Term
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Definition
| the relative degree of an individual's reproductive success |
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Term
| List and describe the different types of mating behaviors |
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Definition
Sexual selection: selection related to sex
Mating systems
-Monogamy: one spouse
-Polygamy: one male and many females
-Polyandry: one femail and many males
Intersexual selection: male to male competion
Multiple mating strategies
Sexual conflict: where the male wants to mate and female dosent |
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Term
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Definition
| the quality of unselfish concern for the welfare of others |
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Term
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Definition
| selection for genetically-based behavior pattern that lowers an individual's own reproduction but raises a relative's fitness (ie you will jump on a grenade for a room full of your brothers but run and hide if its a room full of strangers) |
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Term
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Definition
A formula that states for a person to favor an altruistic act the benefit to the recipient must exceed the cost to the altruist
R*B > C
Where
r = the genetic relatedness of the recipient to the actor
B = the additional reproductive benefit gained by the recipient of the altruistic act
C = the reproductive cost to the individual of performing the act. |
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Term
| What is reciprocal altruism |
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Definition
| Where one organism provides a benefit to another without expecting any immediate payment or compensation |
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Term
| What are some Contempory factors influencing specie distribution? |
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Definition
Disersal limit (natural range expansion versus species transplant)
Behavioral limit
Biotic factors (predition, competion)
Abiotoc factors (climate) |
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Term
| What is the difference between microclimate and Macroclimate? |
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Definition
Macroclimate can be broken down into two parts global and local.
Macroclimate deals with a vast area while Microclimate deals with a smaller area like under a log. |
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Term
| List a few aquatic biomes |
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Definition
Lakes
Wetlands
Streams/rivers
Estuaries
Intertidal
Reef
Pelagic
Benthic |
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Term
| List a few Terrestiral biomes. |
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Definition
Tropical forest
Savanna
grasslands
tundra
desert
temperate forest
mountans |
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Term
| List the sensory pathways |
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Definition
Stimulus- enviromental signal
Sensation- reception, transduction and transmission of the stimulus
Perception- interpretation of sensation(s) |
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Term
| What are the types of sensory receptors |
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Definition
Mechanoreceptor
Chemoreceptor
Electromagnetic receptors
Thermoreceptors
Pain receptors |
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