Term
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Definition
involuntary control
striated appearance
branching cells |
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Term
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Definition
voluntary control
striated appearance
elongated cells |
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Term
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Definition
involuntary control
smooth appearance
spindle-shaped |
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of individual muscle fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
skeletal muscle cell
myocyte contains
many myofibrils |
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Term
|
Definition
| thin filaments composed of protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| contractile protein filaments (actin, myosein, titin) that form a myofibril |
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Term
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Definition
| a single neuron and all of the corresponding muscle finber it innervates |
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Term
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Definition
type I
red color because it is dense with capillaries and is rich in mitrochondria and myoglobin (iron rich and oxygen binding protein)
it can carry more oxygen and sustain aerobic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| type 2 combination of fast and slow twitch muscle fibers rich in mitochondria and capillaries appear red large amounts of myoglobin intermediate generation of ATP by oxidation resistant to fatigue |
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Term
|
Definition
low myoglobin content
use anerobic metabolism and produce quick, powerful bursts of energy
fatigue easily |
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Term
|
Definition
electromyography
measures the electrical current generated over the skeletal muscle (how many fibers are activated) |
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Term
| factors contributing to muscle fatigue |
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Definition
(1) neurotransmitters that stimulate the cell may become depleted after sustained contraction
(2) changes in muscle fiber after repeated contractions could impair muscles' ability to contract without a rest period |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries O2 depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns to the heart with O2 rich blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries blood with O2 away from the heart to the rest of the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry less oxygenated blood to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| separates atria from ventricles |
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Term
|
Definition
| atrioventricular valve between the right atrium and right ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| Atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle |
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Term
| Semilunar Valve and the two types |
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Definition
between ventricles and arteries
Aortic and Pulmonary |
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Term
|
Definition
Sinoatrial node
Initiates the electrical sequence and causes the atria to contract |
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Term
|
Definition
Atrioventricular
Delays contraction of the ventricle so that the atria can empty their blood completely before the ventricles open |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Closing of the valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery |
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Term
|
Definition
| point of max. pressure, during ventricular contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Point of lowest pressure, during ventricular relaxation |
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Term
|
Definition
Pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels
Systolic / Diastolic |
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Term
|
Definition
| Electrical Activity of the Heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| Double wall sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels |
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Term
| What are the four Heart Chambers? |
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Definition
| Right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, left atrium |
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Term
|
Definition
| Large artery that emerges from the left ventricle, carries blood to the systemic circuit |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fibrous cords that connect bicuspid and tricuspid valves with papillary muscles, also referred to as the "heart strings" |
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Term
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Definition
| Large vein that returns blood from the upper regions of the body to the right atrium |
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Term
| Closed Circulatory System |
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Definition
| Means that blood never leaves the network of blood vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
P- Atrial contraction
QRS- Ventricular contraction and simultaneous atrial relaxation
T-Ventricular repolarization |
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Term
| what are five parts of the brain |
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Definition
| forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain |
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Term
|
Definition
telencephalon: two cerebral hemisphere
diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, and posterior lobe of the pituitary |
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Term
|
Definition
| mesencephalon: composed of the inferior colliculus and superior colliculus |
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Term
|
Definition
metencephalon: composed of the cerebellum and pons
myelencephalon: composed of the medulla |
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Term
| three types of inherited or congenital color vision deficiencies |
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Definition
monochromacy: total color blindness, 2-3 cone pigments missing
dichromacy: one cone pigment missing
anomalous trichromacy: one cone pigment is altered |
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Term
|
Definition
grey: consists of nerve cell bodies (neurons)
white: bundles of myelinated nerve cells |
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Term
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Definition
| tough outer surface of a vertebrate eye |
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Term
|
Definition
transmit visual information from the retina
known as the "blind spot" |
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Term
|
Definition
| the clear outer surface of an eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| involved in the perception of odor |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a part of the vertebrate brain that is involved in the formation of memories |
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Term
|
Definition
| a clear object that can refract light, in the eyes, the lens bends incoming light rays helping to form a focused image on the retina |
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Term
|
Definition
| a ring of tissue located immediately in front of the lens of a vertebrate eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye by altering the size of the pupil |
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Term
|
Definition
| an opening in the center of camera type eye through which light enters |
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Term
|
Definition
| a part of the vertebrate eye that secretes the aqueous humor |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for sharp vision acuity: any activity where there is visual detail |
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Term
|
Definition
endocrine and sexual behavior in vertebrates
four f's: flight, fight, flood, fornication |
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Term
|
Definition
| a layer of light sensitive cells that lines the back of eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| the clear out surface of an eye |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the two sides of the cerebral cortex and carries information between them |
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Term
|
Definition
cerebellum: maintaining balance and coordinating voluntary muscle movement
pons: connect the cerebral cortex with the medulla, helps to transfer messages between parts of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| important for processing auditory information |
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Term
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Definition
| clear gell that fills the space between the lends and the retina of the eyeball |
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Term
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Definition
| near-sightedness: elongated eyeball, have trouble seeing things that are farther away |
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Term
|
Definition
| far-sightedness: eyeballs are compressed, see better at a distance than up close. light from nearby objects focus beyond the retina |
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Term
|
Definition
rods: responsible for vision at low levels (black)
cones: active at higher light levels (color) |
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Term
|
Definition
No arteries or veins
Open pool of internal fluids |
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Term
|
Definition
Fluid of the open circulatory system in insects
No distinctions between blood and interstitial fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
| Main body cavity that contains the hemolymph |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dye injected into cockroach |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Dilution of a substance in a solution |
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Term
|
Definition
| Absorbance, the intensity of light at a specific wavelength |
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Term
| What is the overall purpose of making a standard curve in the beginning of lab? |
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Definition
| To have absorbencies of known volumes of dye dilutions in order to compare our unknown volume from the roach |
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Term
| innovations in the respiratory system of mammals |
|
Definition
diaphragm
vertically flexed vertebral column
loss of abdominal ribs: increased depth for inspiration and exhalation |
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Term
|
Definition
| volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effect |
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Term
| inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after a normal inspiration |
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Term
| expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation |
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Term
|
Definition
total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
VC=TV+IRV+ERV |
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Term
| reserve and residual volumes |
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Definition
| volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (the lungs can never be completely emptied) |
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Term
|
Definition
| hypoventilation increased respiration = increase in H+, decrease in blood pH |
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Term
|
Definition
| hyperventilation decreased respiration = decreased H+, increase in blood pH |
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Term
|
Definition
lung elasticity is lost, causing less recoil during expiration
tissue around alveoli are unable to hold their functional shale during expiration
caused by toxin buildup |
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Term
|
Definition
buildup of scar tissue on the lungs
decreases surface area of lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Reagent used for the detection of starch |
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Term
|
Definition
| Test for proteins, amino acids and polypeptides |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tests for sugar, monosaccharides and disaccharides |
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Term
|
Definition
| Many sugars, long chains of monosaccharides linked together |
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Term
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Definition
| Single sugars, simplest form of carbohydrates |
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Term
|
Definition
| Polysaccharide composed of only glucose subunits |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Includes sugars, found in all food sources. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Structure is determined by the amino acid subunits that make up the molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
| Very large molecule created by some form of polymerization |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fats, found in all food sources. |
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Term
| What happens when you are deficient in Carbs? |
|
Definition
| Muscle weakness, weight loss, decrease in pH of blood |
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Term
| What happens when you are deficient in Protein? |
|
Definition
| weight loss, muscle loss, weakness, weakened immune system |
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Term
| What happens when you are deficient in Lipids? |
|
Definition
| Hair loss, dry skin, weight loss, hormonal and reproductive disorders |
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Term
| What happens when you are deficient in Nucleic Acids? |
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Definition
| None, nucleic acid components can be synthesized by cells from amino acids and sugars |
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Term
|
Definition
| sphincter that regulates movement of material from the stomach to the duodenum |
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Term
|
Definition
| upper portion of the stomach, prevents acidic contents from moving up into the esophagus |
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Term
|
Definition
thick yellow-green fluid composed of salts, pigments and lipids produced by the liger and stored in the gallbladder
when released into the small intestines it neutralizes gastric acid and aids in digestions of nutrients (particularly lipids) |
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Term
| the parts of the small intestine |
|
Definition
duodenum: first section, meets the stomach at the pyloric sphincter, may be the principle site of iron absorption in mammals
jejeunum: middle section
Ileum: final section |
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Term
|
Definition
| hormone produced by the vertebrate pancreas that inhibits glycogen synthesis and stimulates glycogen breakdown, resulting in an increase in blood glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
| secrete fluids that lubricate tissues to minimize friction as organs or other body structures rub against one another |
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Term
|
Definition
| digests fat via emulsification and concentrates bile produced by the liver and takes it to the small intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| removes abnormal blood cells, stores iron, helps to initiate immune responses |
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Term
|
Definition
| vertebrate organ that produces endocrine hormones including insulin and glucagon and also produces exocrine secretions that are involved in digestion |
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Term
|
Definition
| small flat of tissue located between the pharynx and trachea of air breathing vertebrates |
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Term
|
Definition
| flap that is made of elastic cartilage tissue covered with mucous membrane attached to the entrance of the larynx |
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Term
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Definition
| peptide hormone that homostatically regulates blood glucose levels, released in response to increased blood glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| sheetlike group of muscles that separates the throacic and abdominal cavities of mammals |
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Term
|
Definition
| outer layer attached to the abdominal wall |
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Term
|
Definition
| outer layer attached to the abdominal wall |
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Term
|
Definition
single large airway leading to the paired bronchi of vertebrate lungs
the nonhomologus respiratory structures that are the main conducting airways in arthropods tracheal systems |
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Term
|
Definition
| overlies the heart, performs immune function, produces T lymphocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| lies over the trachea, regulates metabolism and produces hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
| veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava |
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Term
|
Definition
| shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arter |
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Term
|
Definition
| Outer portion of the kidney |
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Term
|
Definition
| Innermost part of the kidney, made up of the renal pyramids and renal columns |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cone-shaped tissue in the kidney, where filtration starts, contains the nephrons and Loop of Henle |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enlarged upper end of the ureter, acts as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureter |
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Term
|
Definition
| Musclar tube that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A cup-shaped expansion of the vertebrate kidney tubule, surrounds the glomerulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Creates a concentration gradient for water and urine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ciliated epithelia, leading from the ovaries into the uterus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Egg producing reproductive organ |
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Term
|
Definition
| A paired artery that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions, in the fetus it extends into the umbilical cord |
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Term
|
Definition
Males- urine enters and is dumped into penis
Females- urine enters and is dumped into a external environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys |
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Term
|
Definition
| Veins that drain the kidney, connect to the kidney to the inferior vena cava |
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Term
|
Definition
| Womb, major female hormone- responsive reproductive sex organ. Where fetus develops during gestation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sac that then holds testicles after puberty |
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Term
|
Definition
| Where testicles descend through puberty, all draining structures for the testicles go through here |
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Term
| Seminal vesicles + Prostate gland |
|
Definition
| Secrete fluid that helps to nourish and carry sperm through the urethra |
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