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muscles that provide the major force for producing a specific movement are the prime movers of that movement.
*The brachialis muscle is a prime mover of elbow flexion (best when pronated)
*the bicep brachii is a prime mover of elbow (best when supinated) |
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*muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement are called antagonist
*flexion of forarm by the brachialis is antagonized by the triceps. |
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They help prime movers by:
*adding a little extra force to the same movement
*reducing undesirable or unnecessary movements that might occur as the prime mover contracts
-when a muscle crosses two or more joints, its contraction causes movement at all of the spanned joints unless other muscles act as joint stabilizers. |
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when synergists immobilize a bone, or a muscle's origin, they are then specifically called fixators. The muscle prevents the bone from moving.
*EX: muscles that help to maintain upright posture. |
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| ALL skeletal muscles consists of fascicles, however, the arrangement of the fascicles varies, resulting in muscles with different shapes and functional capabilities. |
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the long axes of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle.
*they can span a great distance
*examples:rectus abdominis, sartorius, zygomatic major |
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a convergent muscle has a broad origin, and its fascicles converge toward a single tendon of insertion.
*RELATIVELY STRONG
*Pectoralis major |
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| here the fascicles are short and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle. |
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| The fascicle pattern is circular when the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings. |
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| The arrangement of the fascicles of muscles determines their RANGE OF MOTION AND POWER |
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The longer and the more nearly parallel the muscle fibers are to a muscle's long axis, the more the muscle can shorten.
*muscles with parallel fascicle arrangement shorten the most, but they are NOT USUALLY VERY POWERFUL. |
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Muscles of the head and neck are supplied by cranial nerves.
*Other muscles are supplied by spinal nerves. They originate in the spinal cord and exit via the intervertebral foramina. |
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The muscles of head and neck
*The muscles of the vertebral column
*The oblique and rectus muscles
*The muscles of the pelvic floor. |
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*The muscles of shoulders and upper limbs
*The muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. |
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
Functional classification: |
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*muscles of facial expression
*extraocular muscles
*muscles of mastication
*muscles of the tongue
*muscles of the pharynx
*extrinsic muscles of the larynx |
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| Muscles of Facial Expression |
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They originate on the surface of the skull and are innervated by the cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
*THESE MUSCLES ARE UNUSUAL IN THAT THEY INSERT INTO SKIN OR OTHER MUSCLE RATHER THAN BONE. |
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| closes and protrudes lips (kissing) |
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| compresses the cheeks during blowing (important role in chewing, whistling and sucking) |
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| draws angle of the mouth superiorly and laterally (smiling) |
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| draws eye brow and wrinkles skin of forehead vertically |
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These muscles control the position of each eye and are INNERVATED BY CRANIAL NERVES III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear) and VI (abducens)
*Called extrinsic because these muscles originate outside the eye ball
*These muscles are some of the most precisely controlled and fastest contracting skeletal muscles of the body. |
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| Inferior rectus, superior rectus, lateral retus medial rectus, iferior oblique and superior obliques |
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| Are all extrinsic Muscles |
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| These muscles move the mandible at the temporomandibular joint, and are innervated by the mandibular division of cranial nerve V (trigeminal) |
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elevates the mandible (closing mouth)
*STRONGEST MUSCLE OF MASTICATION |
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| elevates and retracts the mandible |
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| Muscles of the tongue (Extrinsic tongue muscles) |
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Their names end in "glossus". Most are innervated by cranial nerve XII (hyperglossal nerve)
*extrinsic muscles of the tongue ORIGINATE OUTSIDE OF THE TONGUE AND INSERT INTO IT.
*they move the entire tongue in various directions |
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| Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscles |
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Constrict the pharynx to propel food into the esophagus and responsible for initiating the swallowing process.
*innervated by cranial nerve X |
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| Acting together (bilaterally) flex the head at neck, while acting alone (unilaterally) laterally extend and rotate head to side opposite the contracting muscle |
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largest muscle mass of the back *MAIN extensor of the vertebral column
*Iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis group. |
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| Anterolateral abdominal wall |
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| External obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominis and rectus abdominis |
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plays an important role in as flexors of the vertebral column
*they act in opposition to the errector spinae |
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| The aponeuroses of the external obliques, internal obliques and transverse abdominis muscles for the rectus sheaths. This sheath encloses the rectus abdominis muscles. |
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| dome shaped muscle innervated by the PHRENIC NERVE. THE MOST IMPORTANT MUSCLE OF BREATHING |
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| 3 major opening through the disphragm |
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*opening for the aorta
*opening for the esophagus
*opening for the inferior vena cava |
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| *Diaphragm, external intercostal and internal intercostals. |
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| Function of the pelvic floor and perineum |
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1. Support the organs of the pelvic cavity
2. flex the sacrum and coccyx
3. control the movement of materials through the urethra and anus |
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| the perineum is the region of the trunk inferior to the pelvic diaphragm. It extends from the public symphysis anteriorly to the coccyx posteriorly and to the ischial tuberosity laterally. |
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| External urethral and external anal sphincter |
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| Skeletal muscle open and close sphincter |
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| Muscles that position the pectoral girdle |
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| The major function of the muscles that move the pectoral girdle is to stabilize the scapula. |
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| The most superficial back muscle |
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| innervated by the axillary nerve |
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Fusion of the tendon of the following muscles.
*The rotator cuff forms an almost complete circle of tendons around the shoulder joint.
*supraspinatus: more predisposed to wear and tear
*infraspinatus
*teres minor
*subscapularis |
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| Flexors of the elbow joint (anterior) |
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*plays an important role in shoulder joint stabilization
*it spans both the shoulder jooint and the elbow joint.
*Therefore, the biceps brachii flexs the arm at the shoulder joint and flexes the forearm at the elbow joints, AND supinates the forearm at the radioulnar joint |
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| most powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint. The work horse of the elbow) |
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| flexes the forearm at the elbow joint |
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Three heads of origin
*most powerful extensor of the forearm at the elbow joint |
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| *Pronator teres *Pronator quadratus |
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| Muscles that move the wrist hand and fingers |
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| The muscles of the forearm provide strength and crude control of the hand and fingers. These muscles are known as the Extrinsic muscles of the hand. They originate outside the hand and insert within it. |
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| Intrinsic muscles of the hand |
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| Fine control of the hand is the function of intrinsic muscle. These originate on the carpal and metacarpal bones. They are weak but provide precise movement of the fingers |
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| Originate on the humerus and usually insert on the carpals, metacarpals and phalangles. *They function as FLEXORS |
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| Superficial anterior muscles |
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*Flexor carpi radialis
*Palmaris longus
*Flexor carpi ulnaris
*flexor digitorum superficialis |
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| Posterior Forearm Muscles: |
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Originate on the humerus and insert on the metacarpals and phalanges
*They function as EXTENSORS |
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| Superficial posterior muscles |
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*Extensor carpi Radialis Longus
*Extensor carpi radialis Brevia
*Extensor digitorum
*extensor digiti minimi
*extensor carpi ulnaris |
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| Muscles that move the thigh |
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Muscles of the lower limbs are longer and more powerful than those of the upper limbs.
-They usually cross 2 joints and act equally on both. |
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Has three 3 types
*Maximus- major extensor of the femur at the hip joint
*Minimus
*Medius:powerful abductor of femur at the hip joint |
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| Medial muscles of the thigh |
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They adduct, flex and medially rotate the femur at the hip joint
*Adductor longus
*adductor magnus
*adductor brevis |
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| flexes and adducts the thigh at the hip joints |
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| adducts the thigh AND flexes the leg at the knee joint |
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the tailor's muscle
*helps crosses the legs* |
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| Muscles that move the leg |
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| Extensor muscles are located along the ANTERIOR and lateral surface of the leg, ehile flexors lie along the POSTERIOR and medial surfaces. |
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| Flexors of the Knee (Posterior) |
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| The hamstrings (Biceps femoris, semimbraneou, semitendinosus) and sartorius. |
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| Extensor of the knee (Quardiceps Femoris) |
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Includes the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius and rectus femoris.
*The common tendon for the 4 muscles is the quadriceps tendon, which inserts into the patella. The tendon continus below the patella as the patellar ligament and attaches to the tibial tuberosity. |
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| Superficial posterior leg muscles |
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*Gastrocnemius
*Soleus
*Plantaris
*The above 3 muscles share a common tendon of insertion: the CALCANELA (Achilles) tendon- the strongest tendon of the body. |
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