Term
field of biology that is involved in naming, describing and classifying organisms both living and extinct species. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is taxonomy based on? |
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Definition
| Difference and similarities in morphology, physiology, biochemistry, behavior, and genes.) |
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Term
| Contains rules of zoological nomenclature |
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Definition
| ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) |
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Term
orders and ranks things into a series of hierarchical levels |
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Definition
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Term
field of biology concerned with the ID of the evolutionary relationships among species through time. |
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Definition
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Term
pattern and history of evolutionary descent of all of the taxa used in a classification of organisms. (Complete one must contain dates that species diverged) |
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Definition
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Definition
evidence from paleontology, molecular data, comparative anatomy.
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Term
| How is the name formatted? |
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Definition
| First word is capitalized, the whole name is italicized |
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Term
| What are the taxonomic categories? |
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Definition
- Domain, Kingdom, superphylum, phylum, subphylum, superclass, class, subclass, superorder, order, suborder, superfamily, family, subfamily, supergenus, genus, subgenus, superspecies, species, sub species.
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Term
| How does one indicate a specific subspecies? |
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Definition
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Term
descent of a group of organisms from their common ancestor. |
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Definition
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Term
separate geographically and speciate |
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Definition
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Term
speciate without being separated geographically. |
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Definition
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Term
provides info about evolutionary relationships for living species and to extinct species. |
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Definition
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Term
| How is a phylogenetic tree determined? |
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Definition
using fossils, molecular data, anatomy, and developmental patterns)
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Term
| Constructed from a series of dichotomies. |
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Definition
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Term
| Transformation of one entire species over time into another through time. |
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Definition
| Anagenisis (Phyletic evolution) |
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Term
| budding off of one or more new species from a parental species that continues to exist and which may co-exist with the daughter species for some time. Leads to increased diversity in a species. |
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Definition
| Cladogenesis. (Branching evolution or divergent evolution) |
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Term
| Does Darwins theory reflect cladogenesis or anagenisis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more common cladogenesis or anagenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| A ___ consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants. |
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Definition
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Term
| Includes single ancestor species and all species descended from that ancestral species |
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Definition
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Term
| One where the members are derived from two or more ancestral forms not common to all members. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is left out in a polyphyletic taxon? |
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Definition
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Term
| One that excludes some species that share a common anacestor with the rest of the species of the group. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _______ are very different structurally, but they are similar in function. |
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Definition
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Term
| What process allows different organisms to come up with similar adaptations (analogous structures) to specific enviornmental challenges. |
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Definition
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Term
| As wings, bird wings and bat wings are considered ______ structures. |
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Definition
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Term
| As forelimbs, a bird wing and a bat wing are _______ structures. |
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Definition
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Term
| Homolgous structures can have different functions but that have the same structure, development, and physiology are the same. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| The distinction between homology and analogy often depends on the ________ _____ examined. |
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Definition
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Term
| Refers to the similarity in appearance of two groups due to independent evolutionary change. |
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Definition
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Term
| What two things cause homoplasies? |
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Definition
| Convergent evolution and evolutionary reversal |
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Term
| Homplastic traits are similar due to inheritance from a common ancestor. (True or False) |
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Definition
| False (Due to other reason besides common ancestor) |
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Term
| Who helped to develop cladistics? |
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Definition
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Term
| The systematic methodology that sought to emphasize objectiveness and reproducibility (in order to minimize the subjectivity of individual taxonomists) and be consistent with what scientists would refer to as "true" evolutionary patterns. |
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Definition
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Term
| Specialized or derived trait. |
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Definition
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Term
| Refers to a primitive or ancestral trait. |
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Definition
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Term
| Derived trait that is unique to one group in a clade |
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Definition
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Term
| Derived trait shared by two or more groups in a clade. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Apomorphy, plesiomorphy, etc. are defined relative to a particular node of the cladogram. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of traits (shared derived or shared primitive) are more useful for phylogenies? |
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Definition
| Shared derived characters |
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Term
| Ancestral, primitive traits are not "inferior" or "worse", compared to derived characters. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| Used to differentiate shared primitive characters from shared derived characters. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do systematists use to infer phylogeny from? |
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Definition
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Term
| The more recently two species have branched from a common ancestor, the less similar their DNA and amino acid sequences should be. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes it possible to assess phylogenetic relationships that cannot be measured by comparitive anatomyand other non-molecular methods? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is most molecular systematics based on? |
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Definition
| Comparison of nucleotide sequences in DNA. |
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Term
| Branch lengths in phylogenetic trees can indicate what? |
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Definition
| time and amount of evolutionary change |
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Term
| A biological species is a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with each other in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring, but cannot produce viable offspring with other species. |
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Definition
| Biological Species Concept |
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Term
| What are the drawbacks of the Biological Species Concept? |
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Definition
| Only applies to sexually reproducing species. Species can hybridize. Species have an allopatric nature. |
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Term
| Who used a 2 kingdom scheme? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who came up with the five kingdom scheme? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who came up with the 3 domain system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What process makes the tree of life so complicated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What dominates the biosphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two prokaryotic domains? |
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Definition
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Term
| Archaea may be evolutionary closer to eukaryotes than are the bacteria. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria- absent
Archaea- present in some cases
Eukarya- present |
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Definition
Bacteria- Present
Archaea- Present
Eukarya- Not present |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria- Yes
Archaea- Yes
Eukarya-No |
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Definition
Bacteria-Yes
Archaea- Yes
Eukarya-Rare |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria- No
Archaea- No
Eukarya- Yes |
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Term
| Membrane bound organelles |
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Definition
Bacteria- no
Archaea- no
Eukarya- yes |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria- 70S
Archaea- 70S
Eukarya- 80S |
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Term
| Peptidoglycan in cell walls |
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Definition
Bacteria- Yes
Archaea- no
Eukarya- no |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria- One
Archaea- several
Eukarya- 3 |
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Term
| Response to certain antibiotics |
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Definition
Bacteria-Inhibited
Archaea-Not inhibited
Eukarya-Inhibited |
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Term
| Most prokaryotes are multicelluar. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryotes can form _____, allowing them to divide labor and aggregate transiently. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| What is the diametere of most prokaryotes |
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Definition
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Term
| A cell wall prevents the cell from bursting in a hypertonic environment. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| Most cell walls of Eubacteria contain ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The walls of Archaea lack peptidoglycan. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ Is a valuable tool for identifying specific bacteria. Based on differences in cell walls. |
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Definition
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Term
| Simple cell walls, large amounts of peptidoglycan. |
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Definition
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Term
| The cell wall retains violet dye. |
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Definition
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Term
| Complex cell walls without peptidoglycan. |
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Definition
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Term
| Appears red due to counterstain |
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Definition
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Term
| Gram positive are generally more threatening gram negative. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ can cause fever and bleeding when the bacteria lyse. |
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Definition
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Term
| Deadly but not fever producing. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gram negative are more resistant to antibiotics due to their complex cell walls. |
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Definition
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Term
| Penicillins inhibit the synthesis of cross links in peptidoglycans in gram negative bacteria.(True or false) |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____, outside the cell wall, adhere the cells to their substratum and help glue bacteria together that live in colonies. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ can fasten pathogenic bacteria to the mucous membranes of its host. Also used to transfer DNA during conjugation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some cyanobacteria use ____ ________ so that they can float up and down in the water. |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryotes contain tubulin while eukaryotes have flagellin. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| Eukaryotic flagellum beats while prokaryotic flagellum rotates around its base. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| How much DNA does a prokaryote have compared to a eukaryote? |
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Definition
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Term
| Compared to eukaryotes. There are less histones in prokaryotes. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is called when genes are transferred between two different species? |
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Definition
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Term
| The bacterial cell absorbs and integrates fragments of DNA from their environment. This allows considerable genetic transfer between prokaryotes, even across species lines. |
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Definition
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Term
| One cell directly transfers genes to another cell via plasmids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Viruses transfer genes between prokaryotes |
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Term
| What is major source of genetic variation in prokaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four categories that prokaryotes are grouped into? |
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Definition
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Term
| Large diverse group of Gram negative bacteria. Nitrogen fixing abd autotrophic bacteria are in this group. Punative ancestor to mitochondria is thought to have come from here. Example: E Coli |
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Definition
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Term
| Small intracellular parasites, gram negative, lack peptidoglycan in cell walls. STDS. |
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Definition
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Term
| heterotrophic helical-shaped gram negative bacteria, one causes syphillis. Move by axial filaments which are modified flagella running beneath the outer membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| Includes mycoplasmas. Have some species that produce endospores. Help make important antibiotics. |
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Definition
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Term
| Called blue-green bacteria. Use photosynthesis. Some have heterocysts that fix atmospheric nitrogen. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ have unique long chain hydrocarbons with glycerols on both ends, span across the cell membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two major groups of archaea? |
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Definition
Crenarcheaota
Euryarchaeota |
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Term
| Live in hot acidic environments (thermophillic and acidophillic) |
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Definition
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Term
| Many are methanogens that live in cow intestines and hydrothermal vents. Some are halophiles. |
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Definition
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Term
| The first eukaryotes were multicellular. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most diverse of all Eukaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most protists are unicellular. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Protists can be divided into 3 ecological categories. What are they? |
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Definition
1) Protozoa, animal like (ciliates, flagellates)
2) Absorptive, fungus like protists. (molds)
3) Algae, plant like (algaes) |
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Term
| Members of this clade have a excaviated groove on the side of their body. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who are the 3 members of the Excavata super group? |
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Definition
Diplomonadida
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans |
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Term
| Have mitosomes, use anaerobic respiration, some cause dysentery. (Giardia Lamblia) |
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Definition
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Term
| Have nonfunctional mitochondria called hydrogenosomes, use anaerobic respiration and release hydrogen as a by product |
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Definition
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Term
| Flagellates with anterior flagella. Reproduce using binary fission. Includes kinetoplastids that cause sleeping sickness. |
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Definition
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Term
| This supergroup, proposed due to similarity in DNA. And also due to endosymbiosis forming a new cell after engulfing a red alga. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 groups that compose SAR? |
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Definition
Stramenopila
Alveolata
Rhizaria |
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Term
| Have subsurface cavities called alveoli. |
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Definition
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Term
| What groups are included in alveolata? |
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Definition
1)Dinoflagellates
2) Apicomplexans
3) Ciliates |
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Term
| Whirling flagella, responsible for red tides, flagella and outre plates of cellulose give them their shape and behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasites of many animals. Cause diseases like malaria. Have apical complex that invades host cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasmodium have two hosts. 1) ______ in which asexual reproduction takes place (humans) 2) ____ in which sexual reproduction takes place (female mosquitos |
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Definition
1) Intermediate
2) Definitive |
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Term
| Includes paramecium. Use conjugation. |
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Definition
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Term
Macronuclei in ciliates controls______
Micronuclei in ciliates controls _____ |
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Definition
1) Day to day activity.
2) Sexual reproduction |
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Term
| Hairy flagella. Contain two flagella of unequal length. Have fine hair like projections. |
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Definition
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Term
| What groups are in stramenopila? |
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Definition
Diatoms (Bacillariophyta)
Golden Algae (Chrysophyta)
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
Water Moldes (Oomycota) |
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Term
| Contain silicon dioxide in their cell walls. Food supplies are in form of laminarin. |
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Definition
| Diatoms (Baccilariophyta) |
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Term
| Glucose polymer used by golden algae and brown algae and diatoms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Autotrophic algae that form an important part of the marine and freshwater plankton. Color due to carotene and xanthophyll. |
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Definition
| Golden Algae (Chrysophyta) |
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Term
| Large autotrophic multicellular protist group that lives in marine environments (marine kelps). Display alternation of generations. |
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Definition
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Term
| Downy mildewes and white rusts. Lack chloroplastids. Have hyphae. Not fungi because of cellulose in cell walls. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rhizaria consists of what two groups? |
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Definition
| Foraminiferans and Radiolarians |
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Term
| Have shells of calcium carbonate, plankotic, thin rays of pseudopods through small pores in their shells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Internal skeleton made of silica, pseudopods extend from central cell body supported by microtubules |
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Definition
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Term
| Thought to be a descendant from a common ancestor that engulfed a cyanonbacterium. Proposed due to DNA evidence. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two groups of Archaeplastida? |
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Definition
| Rhodophyla and Chlorophyta |
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Term
| Red algae that have no flagella in their life cycle. Have large amout of reddish pigment called phyocerythrin, appear to be red or green or black. |
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Definition
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Term
| Green algae, closely related to plants. |
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Definition
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Term
| Supergroup that contains animals and fungi and various amoebae |
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Definition
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Term
| Share a single posterior flagellum in their motile cells and have similarities in mitochondrial morphology. (Monophyletic) |
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Definition
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Term
| What groups do the opisthokonts consist of? |
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Definition
1) Choanoflagellates
2) Animalia
3) Nucleariids
4) Fungi |
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Term
| What are the two groups of the Supergroup Unikonta? |
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Definition
| Opisthokonts and Amoebozoans |
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Term
| Use pseudopodia and lobopodia. Contains slime molds, gymnaamoebas, and entamoebas. Surround prey and perform phagocytosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Group in amoeboza that are fungi animals (slime molds) (At one stage consist of solitary or colonial amebas) |
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Definition
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Term
| Have plasmodium that consists of multinucleated supercell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells do not fuse together to form plasmodium. Plasmodium is multicellular not multinucleated. The colony formed from these cells setlles and produces a fruiting body. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where spores can produce asexually in cellular slime molds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where haploid amebas fuse and form a zygote in a cyst. |
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Definition
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Term
| Large group of naked amebas in soil and water. |
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Definition
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Term
| Include amoebas that are either free living but a few are very pathogenic. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ consist of Mycetozoa, gymnoamoebas, and entamoebas. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the arrangement of microtubules in flagella? |
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Definition
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Term
| The amoebae usually have a front or leading end (pseudopod forms, thickening of _____ into a gel like (gel) state that contains no organelles and the more soluble ______ flows toward this cap. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ protozoans have hardly any locomotory activity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Distinct site where food vacuoles form. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ is a cell anus, where waste vacuoles attach and materials are expelled by exocytosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most protists are aerobic and possess mitochondria (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| Protists do require special structures for the transport of gases. (True or False) |
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Definition
| False (Use cell membrane) |
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Term
| What is the metabolic waste of most protists? |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ _______ uses ATP energy to get rid of excess water. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Multiple fission, observed in apicomplexans and some amoebae. |
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Definition
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Term
| Process where multiple fission is preceded by the fusion of gametes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fusing gametes that are alike. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fusing gametes that are different. |
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Definition
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Term
| In conjugation, what happens to the 4 micronuclei? |
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Definition
| 3 disentigrate, 1 undergoes mitosis |
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Term
| Protists use ____ to survive the bad times in an environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Life cycle observed in some algae, slime molds, and fungi. |
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Definition
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Term
| Stage in zygotic life cycle where cells contain two different haploid nuclei. |
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Definition
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Term
| Observed in humans and all other animals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Observed in some algae and multicellular plants. |
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Definition
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Term
| Alternation of generations has a _____ sporophyte and ______ gametophyte. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three problems that had to be solved in order for plants to move to the land? |
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Definition
1) Water scarcity
2) Support against gravity
3) Increased exposure to UV rays.
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Term
| Who are land plants closest relatives? |
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Definition
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Term
| The plant kingdom is polyphyletic. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics that separate land plants from charophytes? |
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Definition
| Apical meristems, multicellular embryos dependent on parent plant, alternation of generations, sporangia produce walled resistant pores, some gametophytes produce gametes within gametangia, have adaptations for managing water, have adaptations for transporting water, have secondary compounds. |
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Term
| Localized regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots. |
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Definition
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Term
| Term used to describe all land plants. |
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Definition
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Term
| Zygotes are retained within tissues of which parent in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| Meiosis in a mature sporophyte produces haploid reproductive cells called _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is a reproductive cell that can develop into a new organims without fusing with another cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| The size of the sporophyte and gametophyte is uniform throughout every group. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| In byrophytes, the ______ is the dominant generation. |
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Definition
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Term
| In ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, the ______ is the dominant generation |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are found on the sporophyte and produce spore |
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Definition
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Term
| A durable polymer called _____ covers spores. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ Produces a single egg cell in a vase shaped organ. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ Produce many sperm cells that are released to the environment |
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Definition
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Term
| The epidermis of leaves and other aerial parts is coated with a _____ composed of waxes and other compounds. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 functions of the cuticle? |
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Definition
1) Protect plant from microbial attack
2) Acts as waterproofer to prevent excessive water loss |
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Term
| ____ in the epidermis of leaves and other photosynthetic organs allow the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the outside air and air spaces in the leaf. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ _____ control when stomata are open or closed. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of vascular tissues in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ ______ are terrestrial adaptations against UV, predators and microbes. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five major extang groups of land plants? |
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Definition
Bryophytes
Lycophytes
Pterophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms |
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Term
| What are the three phyla of bryophytes? |
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Definition
| Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. |
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Term
| What do the bryophytes not posses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bryophytes are a monophyletic group. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| The bryophytes lack ______ _____, giving them the name _______ _______. |
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Definition
| vascular tissues, nonvascular plants |
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Term
| ________ is the dominant generation in the life cycles of bryophytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bryophytes are anchored by root-like tubular filaments of cells called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Moss gametophytes have to stay ____ and reside in ____ environments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Byrophytes lack roots. (true or false) |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are bryophtes only a few centimeters high? |
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Definition
| They lack support tissues |
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Term
| The stem-like central stalk of the moss gametophyte is called the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The caulidium has whorls of leaf- like _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The phyliddia of most mosses lack a ____, are only one cell thick, and there are no ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bryophytes sporophytes are dependent upon _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| What do moss sporophytes consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ gathers nutrients and water from the parent gametophyte via transfer cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ conducts nutrients and waters to the capsule |
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Definition
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Term
| In most mosses, the seta becomes elongated, elevating the _____ and thus enhancing spore dispersal. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ is the site of meiosis and spore production in Bryophytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| When immature, the capsule is covered by a protective cap of gametophyte tissue, called the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The upper part of the capsule, the ______ (with teeth) is often specialized for gradual spore release. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bryophytes were one of the first groups of plants to exist on land. (True or false) |
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Definition
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Term
| Vascular plants in the carboniferous era formed fossils called ____ _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What 4 main groups are in the pterophyte group? |
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Definition
| Lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. |
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Term
| Ferns and other pteridophytes are sometimes called ______ plants. Because they lack a seed stage. |
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Definition
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Term
| In vascular plants, the branched ______ is dominant and is independent of the parent gametophyte. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails belong to which group? |
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Definition
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Term
| A _____ sporophyte produces a single type of spore. This spore develops in a bisexual gametophyte with both archegonia and antheridia. Most ferns are of this type. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _____ sporophyte produces two kinds of spores. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ develop into female gametophytes |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ develop into male gametophytes |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are underground horizontal stems with roots. |
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Definition
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Term
| Another name for fern leaves is ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Another word for large leaves and small leaves. |
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Definition
| Megaphylls and Microphylls |
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Term
| During its development, the large, complex fronds unfurl from a tightly coiled ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The fronds of a mature sporophyte produce ____ (the sporangia clusters) on the back of green leaves called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two great clades of seed plants? |
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Definition
| Gymnosperms and angiosperms |
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Term
| A ____ consists of a plant embryo packaged along with a food supply within a protective coat. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of gymnosperms are ____ and _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| A _____ is a complex reproductive structure that bears seeds within protective chambers called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three reproductive adaptations that enhance a seed plants success? |
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Definition
Reduction of the gametophyte
evolution of the seed
evolution of pollen |
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Term
| The gametophytes of seed plants are microscopic. (True or false) |
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Definition
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Term
| In ____, the sporphyte is dependent upon the generally larger gametophyte. In ____, the sporophyte is larger than the gametophyte, but both are basically independent. In the ____ plants, the gametophyte is much reduced and is dependent upon the parent sporophyte for nourishment. |
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Definition
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Term
| All seed plants are ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Layers of sporophyte tissues called ______, envelop and protect the megasporangium. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _____ consists of integuments, megaspore, and megasporangium. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ____ is derived from the integuments of the ovule. |
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Definition
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Term
| The microspores, released from the microsporangium, develop in _____ ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pollen Grains are covered with a tough coat containg ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A pollen grain will elongate a _______ ______ into the ovule and deliver one or two _____ into the female gametophyte. |
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Definition
| fertilization tube, sperm. |
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Term
| The sperm in most gymnosperms and angiosperms lack ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four phyla of extant gymnosperms? |
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Definition
| ginko, cynads, gnetophytes, and conifers. |
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Term
| The ____ consists of a cluster of scalelike specialized leaves called sporophylls. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ include pines, firs, spruces, larches, yews, junipers, cedars, cypresses, and redwoods. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most conifers are ______, retaining their leaves and photosynthesizing throughout the year. However some are ________, dropping their leaves in the autumn. |
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Definition
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Term
| Reproduction in pines begins with what? |
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Definition
| Appearance of cones on a pine tree. |
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Term
| Conifers are ______, developing male and female gametophytes from different types of spores produced by separate cones. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ _____ ______ produce microspores that develop into pollen grains. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ ______ _____ make megaspores that develop into female gametophytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| During pollination, windblown pollen falls on the ovulate cone and is drawn into the ovule through the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The pollen grain germinates in the ovule, forming a ______ _____ that digests its way through the megasporangium. |
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Definition
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Term
| The megaspore grows and divides mitotically to form the immature female _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ ____, consists of an embryo (new sporophyte), its food supply (derived from gametophyte tissue), and a seed coat derived from the integuments of the parent ree (parent sporophyte) |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ (the flowering plants) are vascular seed plants that produce flowers and fruits. |
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Definition
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Term
| All angiosperms are placed into what phyla? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two main classes of angiosperms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Like gymnosperms, angiosperms have long, tapered ____ that function for support and water transport. |
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Definition
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Term
| Angisperms also have _____ _____, specialized for support, and ______ _______ (in most angiosperms) that develop into xylem vessels for efficient water transport. |
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Definition
| fiber cells, vessel elements. |
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Term
| What are the four rings of modified leaves in flowers? |
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Definition
| Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. |
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Term
| _____ is the most exterior ring in flowers. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is the most internal ring in flowers. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _____ is a mature ovary. |
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Definition
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Term
| All angiosperms are ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The immature male gametophytes in angiosperms are contained within ______ ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The embryo sac are in the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a process known as _______ _______, one sperm unites with the egg to form a diploid zygote and the other sperm fuses with two haploid nuclei in the large center cell of the female gametophyte. |
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Definition
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Term
| Double fertilization forms a triploid cell that produces the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plants have one or two seed leaves, also called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ develops as a triploid tissue in the center of the embryo sac. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are the reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte. |
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Definition
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Term
| Flowers are _____ structures in that they cease growing once the flower and/or fruit are formed. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the site of attachment for the four organs of the flower? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are at the base of the flower and are modified leaves that enclose and protect the flower before it opens. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ lie inside the ring of sepals. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are the male reproductive organs found inside the ring of petals. |
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Definition
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Term
| A stamen consists of a stalk (the _____) and a terminal sac (the ____) where pollen is produced. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ is composed of one carpel or several carpels fused together. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ are the central, innermost ring of sporophylls that produce megaspores and their products. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ is at the tip of the carpel and receives the pollen. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ leads to the ovary at the base of the carpel |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ protects the ovules and the seeds. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ _______ have all four flower parts (Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels) |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ _______ are missing one or more of the four flower parts. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ ______ has both stamens and carpels. |
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Definition
| Perfect flower (bisexual flower) |
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Term
| An ______ ______ is missing either the stamen or the carpels. |
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Definition
| imperfect flower (unisexual) |
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Term
| The imperfect flowers with stamen and without carpels are called ______ _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The imperfect flowers with carpels and without stamen are called _____ _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| If an individual plant produces both staminate and carpellate flowers, the plant species is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| If one individual plany only produces one type of flower, the species is ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ begins the process by which the male and female gametophytes are brought together so that their gametes can unite. |
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Definition
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Term
| A microspore divides once by mitosis and produces what two things? |
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Definition
| A generative cell and a tube cell. |
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Term
| The generative cell will eventually form the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The tube cell, produces the _______ ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A pollen grain becomes a mature gametophyte when the generative cell divides by mitosis to form two sperm cells. (True or False) |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ cells function in the attraction and guidance of the pollen tube. |
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Definition
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Term
| At the other end of the embryo sac are three _____ _____ of unknown function. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ ______, share the cytoplasm of the large central cell of the embryosac. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dioecious plants cannot self fertilize. (True or False) |
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Definition
| True (they are unisexual) |
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Term
| The most common anti-selfing mechanism is ____-________, the ability of a plant to reject its own pollen and that of closely related individuals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Like animals, plants establish a block to ______, the fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm. (Usually via the cell wall) |
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Definition
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Term
| The first mitotic division of the zygote produces two cells: ____ cell and a ______ cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| The basal cell continues to divide transversely, producing a thread of cells, the ______, which anchors the embryo to its parent. |
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Definition
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Term
| The terminal cell divides several times and forms a spherical ____ that is attached to the suspensor. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three primary meristems? |
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Definition
| Protoderm, ground meristem, and procambrium. |
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Term
| In the monocot grasses, the specialized cotyledon, the ______, is a thin shield that absorbs nutrients from the endosperm. |
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Definition
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Term
| Below the point at which the fleshy cotyledons are attached, the embryonic axis is called the _____. Above it is the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| At the tip of the epicotyl is the ______, consisting of the shoot tip with a pair of miniature leaves. |
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Definition
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Term
| The hypocotyl terminates in the _____, or embryonic root. |
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Definition
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Term
| In monocots such as grasses, the _______ is a protective sheath or covering of an embryonic/young shoot in a monocot. the ______ is a sheath that covers the young root. |
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Definition
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Term
| The wall of the ovary becomes the _______, the thickened wall of the fruit. |
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Definition
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Term
| As a seed matures, it dehydrates and enters a _____ phase, a condition of extremely low metabolic rate and a suspension of growth and development. |
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Definition
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Term
| Germination of seeds depends on _______, the uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first organ to emerge from the germinating seed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Stimulated by light, the ______ straightens, raising the cotyledons and epicotyl. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ spreads it first foliage leaves. |
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Definition
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Term
| Asexual reproduction in plants is also called _____ _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| In _______, a parent plant separates into parts that reform whole plants. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____, is a method of asexual reproduction found in dandelions. They produce seeds without their flowers being fertilized. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vegetative propagation of plants is common. They can be artificially reproduced asexualy from plant fragments called _____. |
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Definition
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