Term
|
Definition
| ability to promote change or do work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to structure or location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy in molecular bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difference in ion concentration |
|
|
Term
- Law of conservation of energy
- Energy cannot be created nor destroyed
- Can be transformed from one type to another |
|
Definition
| First law of thermodynamics |
|
|
Term
| transfer or transformation of energy from one form to another increases entropy or degree of disorder of a system |
|
Definition
| Second law of thermodynamics |
|
|
Term
| usable energy + unusable energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy transformations involve an increase in... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the disorder that cannot be harnessed to do work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| free energy or amount of energy for work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| entropy or unusable energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| absolute temperature in Kelvin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occur without input of additional energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Key factor is the free energy change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed during the reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein catalysts in living cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA molecules with catalytic properties (discovered in 1980s) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows molecules to get close enough to cause bond rearrangement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where bonds are stretched in activation energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stretched to bond with other molecules |
|
|
Term
1. Large amounts of heat
2. Using enzymes to lower activation energy |
|
Definition
| How to overcome activation energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Location where reaction takes place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reactants that bind to active site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed when enzyme and substrate bind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specificity for a substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plateau where nearly all active sites occupied by substrate |
|
|
Term
| Velocity of reaction near maximal rate (amount of product per unit) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Substrate concentration at which velocity is half maximal value = 1/2 V max |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecule binds to active site; inhibits ability of substrate to bind; Km increases - more substrate needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lowers V max without affecting Km; inhibitors binds to allosteric site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small molecules (non-protein) permanently attached to the enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually inorganic ion that temporarily binds to enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic molecule that participates in reaction but left unchanged afterward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Result in breakdown and are exergonic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Promote synthesis and are endergonic
Must be coupled to exergonic reaction |
|
|
Term
1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
2. Chemiomiosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electron removed from one molecule is added to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells synthesize molecules only when needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules are broken down when needed for energy or no longer required |
|
|
Term
1. Gene regulation
2. Cellular regulation
3. Biochemical regulation |
|
Definition
| Regulation of metabolic pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time for 50% of molecules to be broken down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein that attaches to unwanted protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nicotinamide adenine nucleotide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary aim to make ATP and NADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can occur with our without oxygen |
|
|
Term
1. energy investment
2. cleavage
3. energy liberation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| With large amounts of ATP, ATP will bind to allosteric site in phosphofructokinase, which makes enzyme inactive, thus preventing the breakdown of glucose |
|
|
Term
| Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electron transport chains |
|
Definition
| group of protein complexes and small organic molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help move things efficiently without requiring energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical synthesis of ATP as a result of pushing H across a membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage DNA; can cause mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical reactions occur here... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result in breakdown and are exergonic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promote synthesis and are endergonic; must be coupled to exergonic reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for environments that lack oxygen or during oxygen deficits |
|
|
Term
1. use substance other than O2 as final electron acceptor in electron transport chain
2. produce ATP only via substrate-level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| 2 strategies of anaerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
| Donates e- and forms free radicals |
|
Definition
| Why is a buildup of NADH problematic? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of molecules without net oxidation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesis and breakdown of molecules with are essential for cell structure and function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesis of molecules secondary metabolites that are not necessary for cell structure and growth |
|
|
Term
| phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides |
|
Definition
| 4 categories of secondary metabolites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antioxidants with intense flavors and smells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bitter-tasting molecules for defense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy within light is captured and used to synthesize carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| Calvin cycle and light reaction |
|
Definition
| two processes of photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regions on the surface of the Earth and in the atmosphere where living organisms exist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must eat food, organic molecules from their environment, to sustain life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make organic molecules from inorganic sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use light as a source of energy; green plants, algae cyanobacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| majority of photosynthesis occurs in leaves in this part of a leaf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits leaf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelles in plants and algae that carry out photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| third membrane of the chloroplast; contains pigment molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid filled region between thylakoid membrane and inner membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in stroma; uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into organic molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of electromagnetic radiation; travels as waves; also behaves as particles- photons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| captured light energy can be transferred to other molecules to ultimately produce energy intermediates for cellular work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ATP and NADPH used to make carbohydrates; CO2 incorporated into carbohydrates |
|
|
