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BIO 241 Exam 2
Exam review
95
Biology
Undergraduate 2
09/14/2011

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Term
Energy
Definition
ability to promote change or do work
Term
Kinetic
Definition
associated with movement
Term
Potential
Definition
due to structure or location
Term
Chemical energy
Definition
energy in molecular bonds
Term
Electrochemical gradient
Definition
difference in ion concentration
Term
- Law of conservation of energy
- Energy cannot be created nor destroyed
- Can be transformed from one type to another
Definition
First law of thermodynamics
Term
transfer or transformation of energy from one form to another increases entropy or degree of disorder of a system
Definition
Second law of thermodynamics
Term
usable energy + unusable energy
Definition
total energy
Term
Entropy
Definition
Energy transformations involve an increase in...
Term
Entropy
Definition
a measure of the disorder that cannot be harnessed to do work
Term
enthalpy or total energy
Definition
H
Term
free energy or amount of energy for work
Definition
G
Term
G + TS
Definition
H
Term
entropy or unusable energy
Definition
S
Term
absolute temperature in Kelvin
Definition
T
Term
Spontaneous reactions
Definition
occur without input of additional energy
Term
Spontaneous reactions
Definition
Key factor is the free energy change
Term
Catalyst
Definition
agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed during the reaction
Term
Enzymes
Definition
protein catalysts in living cells
Term
Ribozymes
Definition
RNA molecules with catalytic properties (discovered in 1980s)
Term
Activation energy
Definition
allows molecules to get close enough to cause bond rearrangement
Term
Translation state
Definition
where bonds are stretched in activation energy
Term
Collision
Definition
stretched to bond with other molecules
Term
1. Large amounts of heat
2. Using enzymes to lower activation energy
Definition
How to overcome activation energy
Term
Active site
Definition
Location where reaction takes place
Term
Substrate
Definition
reactants that bind to active site
Term
Enzyme-substrate complex
Definition
formed when enzyme and substrate bind
Term
Affinity
Definition
specificity for a substrate
Term
Saturation
Definition
plateau where nearly all active sites occupied by substrate
Term
Velocity of reaction near maximal rate (amount of product per unit)
Definition
V max
Term
Substrate concentration at which velocity is half maximal value = 1/2 V max
Definition
K m
Term
Competitive inhibition
Definition
molecule binds to active site; inhibits ability of substrate to bind; Km increases - more substrate needed
Term
Noncompetitive
Definition
Lowers V max without affecting Km; inhibitors binds to allosteric site
Term
Alloristic site
Definition
not active site
Term
Prosthetic groups
Definition
small molecules (non-protein) permanently attached to the enzyme
Term
Cofactor
Definition
usually inorganic ion that temporarily binds to enzyme
Term
Coenzyme
Definition
organic molecule that participates in reaction but left unchanged afterward
Term
Catabolic pathways
Definition
Result in breakdown and are exergonic
Term
Anabolic pathways
Definition
Promote synthesis and are endergonic
Must be coupled to exergonic reaction
Term
1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
2. Chemiomiosis
Definition
2 ways to make ATP
Term
Oxidation
Definition
Removal of electrons
Term
Reduction
Definition
Addition of electrons
Term
Redox reaction
Definition
Electron removed from one molecule is added to another
Term
Anabolism
Definition
Cells synthesize molecules only when needed
Term
Catabolism
Definition
Molecules are broken down when needed for energy or no longer required
Term
1. Gene regulation
2. Cellular regulation
3. Biochemical regulation
Definition
Regulation of metabolic pathways
Term
half-life
Definition
time for 50% of molecules to be broken down
Term
Ubiquitin
Definition
protein that attaches to unwanted protein
Term
Engergonic
Definition
require energy, like ATP
Term
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Definition
NADP
Term
Nicotinamide adenine nucleotide
Definition
NAD
Term
Cellular respiration
Definition
process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules
Term
Cellular respiration
Definition
Primary aim to make ATP and NADH
Term
Glycosis
Definition
can occur with our without oxygen
Term
1. energy investment
2. cleavage
3. energy liberation
Definition
3 phases of glycosis
Term
Feedback ingibition
Definition
With large amounts of ATP, ATP will bind to allosteric site in phosphofructokinase, which makes enzyme inactive, thus preventing the breakdown of glucose
Term
Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group
Definition
Stage 2 glycosis
Term
Citric acid cycle
Definition
Stage 3 glycosis
Term
Oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
4th phase of glycosis
Term
Electron transport chains
Definition
group of protein complexes and small organic molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Term
Electrochemical gradient
Definition
help move things efficiently without requiring energy
Term
Chemiosmosis
Definition
chemical synthesis of ATP as a result of pushing H across a membrane
Term
Free radicals
Definition
damage DNA; can cause mutation
Term
Metabolic pathways
Definition
Chemical reactions occur here...
Term
Catabolic pathways
Definition
result in breakdown and are exergonic
Term
Anabolic pathway
Definition
promote synthesis and are endergonic; must be coupled to exergonic reaction
Term
anaerobic respiration
Definition
for environments that lack oxygen or during oxygen deficits
Term
1. use substance other than O2 as final electron acceptor in electron transport chain
2. produce ATP only via substrate-level phosphorylation
Definition
2 strategies of anaerobic respiration
Term
Donates e- and forms free radicals
Definition
Why is a buildup of NADH problematic?
Term
Fermentation
Definition
breakdown of molecules without net oxidation
Term
Fermentation
Definition
Solution to NADH buildup
Term
Primary metabolism
Definition
synthesis and breakdown of molecules with are essential for cell structure and function
Term
Secondary metabolism
Definition
synthesis of molecules secondary metabolites that are not necessary for cell structure and growth
Term
phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides
Definition
4 categories of secondary metabolites
Term
phenolics
Definition
antioxidants with intense flavors and smells
Term
alkaloids
Definition
bitter-tasting molecules for defense
Term
terpenoids
Definition
intense smell and colors
Term
polyketies
Definition
chemical weapons
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
energy within light is captured and used to synthesize carbohydrates
Term
Calvin cycle and light reaction
Definition
two processes of photosynthesis
Term
Biosphere
Definition
regions on the surface of the Earth and in the atmosphere where living organisms exist
Term
heterotroph
Definition
must eat food, organic molecules from their environment, to sustain life
Term
autotroph
Definition
make organic molecules from inorganic sources
Term
photoautotroph
Definition
use light as a source of energy; green plants, algae cyanobacteria
Term
Mesophyll
Definition
majority of photosynthesis occurs in leaves in this part of a leaf
Term
stomata
Definition
carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits leaf
Term
Chloroplast
Definition
organelles in plants and algae that carry out photosynthesis
Term
chlorophyll
Definition
green pigment
Term
thylakoid membrane
Definition
third membrane of the chloroplast; contains pigment molecules
Term
granum
Definition
stack of thylakoids
Term
stroma
Definition
fluid filled region between thylakoid membrane and inner membrane
Term
Calvin cycle
Definition
occurs in stroma; uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into organic molecules
Term
light energy
Definition
type of electromagnetic radiation; travels as waves; also behaves as particles- photons
Term
photosystems
Definition
captured light energy can be transferred to other molecules to ultimately produce energy intermediates for cellular work
Term
Calvin cycle
Definition
ATP and NADPH used to make carbohydrates; CO2 incorporated into carbohydrates
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