Term
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Definition
| separates internal contents of a cell from its external envrionment |
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Term
| membranes and proteins, carbohydrate |
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Definition
| two main components of plasma membrane, and a third component |
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Definition
| form basic matrix of a membrane |
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Definition
| embedded in the membrane or loosely attatched to its surface |
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Definition
| may be attached to a membrane's lipids and proteins |
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Definition
| consists of two layers of phospholipids, made of ampipathic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| have hydrophobic/nonpolar region and a hydroliphic/polar region |
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Term
| integral membrane protein |
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Definition
| cannot be released from membrane unless the membrane is dissolved with an organic solvent or detergent |
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Term
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Definition
| most common type of integral protein; has one or more reigons that are physically inserted into the hydrophobic reigon of phospholipid bilayer |
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Definition
| span or transverse the membrane from one leaflet to the other |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid molecule that is covalently attatched to an amino acid side chain within the protein |
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Term
| peripheral membrane proteins |
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Definition
| do not interact with hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| group of lipids that float together as a unit within a larger sea of lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| when a double bond is present |
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Definition
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Definition
| Higher temperatures cause more... |
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Term
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Definition
| process of covalently attatching a carb to a lipid or protein |
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Term
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Definition
| when a carb attaches to a lipid |
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Term
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Definition
| carb-rich zone on the surface of certain animal cells that shields the cell from mechanical and physical damage |
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Term
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Definition
| extract a lipid from one membrane diffuse through the cell, and insert the lipid into another membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| region that faces the outside |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| lengths of fatty acyl tails |
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Definition
| What affects fluidity of the membrane? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which acyl tails are less likely to interact? |
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Term
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Definition
| What makes it more difficult for neighboring tails to interact and making the bilayer more fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| tends to stabilize membranes. Effects depend on temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Keeps membrane from being too cold (solidifying), or from being to warm (fluid). |
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Term
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Definition
| What percent of genes encode membrane proteins? |
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Term
| transport, energy transduction, cell signlaing, secretion, cell recognition, metabolism, cell-to-cell contact |
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Definition
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Term
| peripheral membrane protein |
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Definition
| do not interact with the hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer. Noncovalently bound to regions of integral membrane proteins that project out from the membrane, or they are bound to polar head groups of phospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
| does not require an input of energy - down or with gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion of a solute through a membrane without protein |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion of a solute through a membrane with the aid of a transport protein |
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Term
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Definition
| When is energy required to move molecules through membranes? |
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Term
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Definition
| water diffuses through a membrane from an area with more water to an area with less water |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for water to move into any cell |
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Term
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Definition
| material inside the cell is packaged into vesicles and then execreted into the extracellular environment |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane invaginated to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell |
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Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| receptor in the plasma membrane is specific for a given cargo |
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Term
1. all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. cells are smallest unit of life
3. new cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division (mitosis) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| less common, often found in extreme envrionments |
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Term
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Definition
| simple cell structure; lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| exhibit compartmentalization; membrane-bound compartments with own unique structure and fuction |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the types and relative amounts of proteins that are made in a particular cell at a particular time and under specific conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| network of 3 different types of protein filaments |
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Term
1. microtubules
2. intermediate filaments
3. actin filaments |
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Definition
| 3 networks of cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| microtubules can oscilate between growing and shortening phases |
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Term
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Definition
| organizing center; single structure near nucleas found in nondividing animal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| within the centrisome, pair of structures arranged perpendicular to each other |
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Definition
| important for cellular activities such as chromosomes during cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate in diameter between actin filaments; tend to be relatively simple |
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Term
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Definition
| thinnest filament; play key role in cell shape and strength. tend to be highly concentrated near plasma membrane. |
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Term
| semiautonomous organelles |
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Definition
| mitochondira and chloroplast organelles can grow and divide to reproduce themselves, but are not completely autonomous because they depend on other parts of the cell for their internal compartments |
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Term
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Definition
| capture light energy and use some of it to synthesize organic molecules such as glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| use light energy to synthesize organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized plant organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| contains genetic material, chromatin, composed of DNA and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| ribosomal RNA is transcribed and assembled here |
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Term
| nuclear envelope/nuclear pore |
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Definition
| surround nucleus and control messages that enter and leave nucleus |
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Term
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| synthesizes lipids, contains enzymes to break down toxic substances |
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Term
| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| responsible for protein assembly, network covered in ribosomes (used to assemble proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| near the ER is a stack of flattened membranes that receive the newly made proteins and lipids from ER |
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Term
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Definition
| packages, processes and secretes these macromolecules prior to their secretion from the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the recycling center - only found in animal cells, they break down the covalent bonds of all four types of macromolecules into their building blocks |
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Term
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Definition
| can pick up cells outside of the cell via endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| used to break lysosome bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| contains around 50 enzymes; can break down peroxide; metabolizes fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| stores food, plant waves, ions, maintains turgor pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| inside the plasma membrane and outside of the organelles is made of fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| this fluid comprises up to 50% of the cell volume and contains ribosomes that assemble proteins and stay in the cell |
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Definition
| metabolism is located here |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| boundary between the cell and the extracellular environment |
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