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BIO 241 Exam 1
exam review
76
Biology
Undergraduate 2
09/12/2011

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Term
plasma membrane
Definition
separates internal contents of a cell from its external envrionment
Term
membranes and proteins, carbohydrate
Definition
two main components of plasma membrane, and a third component
Term
phospholipids
Definition
form basic matrix of a membrane
Term
proteins
Definition
embedded in the membrane or loosely attatched to its surface
Term
carbohydrate
Definition
may be attached to a membrane's lipids and proteins
Term
phospholipid bilayer
Definition
consists of two layers of phospholipids, made of ampipathic molecules
Term
ampipathic molecules
Definition
have hydrophobic/nonpolar region and a hydroliphic/polar region
Term
integral membrane protein
Definition
cannot be released from membrane unless the membrane is dissolved with an organic solvent or detergent
Term
transmembrane protein
Definition
most common type of integral protein; has one or more reigons that are physically inserted into the hydrophobic reigon of phospholipid bilayer
Term
transmembrane segments
Definition
span or transverse the membrane from one leaflet to the other
Term
lipid-anchored protein
Definition
lipid molecule that is covalently attatched to an amino acid side chain within the protein
Term
peripheral membrane proteins
Definition
do not interact with hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer
Term
lipid raft
Definition
group of lipids that float together as a unit within a larger sea of lipids
Term
unsaturated lipid
Definition
when a double bond is present
Term
cholesterol
Definition
What affects fluidity?
Term
Fluidity
Definition
Higher temperatures cause more...
Term
glycosation
Definition
process of covalently attatching a carb to a lipid or protein
Term
glycolipid
Definition
when a carb attaches to a lipid
Term
cell coat/glycocalyx
Definition
carb-rich zone on the surface of certain animal cells that shields the cell from mechanical and physical damage
Term
lipid exchange proteins
Definition
extract a lipid from one membrane diffuse through the cell, and insert the lipid into another membrane
Term
hydroliphic
Definition
region that faces the outside
Term
hydrophobic
Definition
faces the inside
Term
lengths of fatty acyl tails
Definition
What affects fluidity of the membrane?
Term
shorter tails
Definition
Which acyl tails are less likely to interact?
Term
Double bonds
Definition
What makes it more difficult for neighboring tails to interact and making the bilayer more fluid
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
tends to stabilize membranes. Effects depend on temperature.
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
Keeps membrane from being too cold (solidifying), or from being to warm (fluid).
Term
25%
Definition
What percent of genes encode membrane proteins?
Term
transport, energy transduction, cell signlaing, secretion, cell recognition, metabolism, cell-to-cell contact
Definition
membrane processes
Term
peripheral membrane protein
Definition
do not interact with the hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer. Noncovalently bound to regions of integral membrane proteins that project out from the membrane, or they are bound to polar head groups of phospholipids
Term
passive transport
Definition
does not require an input of energy - down or with gradient
Term
passive diffusion
Definition
diffusion of a solute through a membrane without protein
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
diffusion of a solute through a membrane with the aid of a transport protein
Term
active transport
Definition
When is energy required to move molecules through membranes?
Term
osmosis
Definition
water diffuses through a membrane from an area with more water to an area with less water
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
tendency for water to move into any cell
Term
exocytosis
Definition
material inside the cell is packaged into vesicles and then execreted into the extracellular environment
Term
endocytosis
Definition
plasma membrane invaginated to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell
Term
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
receptor in the plasma membrane is specific for a given cargo
Term
1. all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. cells are smallest unit of life
3. new cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division (mitosis)
Definition
Cell theory
Term
prokaryotic
Definition
bacteria and archea
Term
bacteria
Definition
abundant and not harmful
Term
archaea
Definition
less common, often found in extreme envrionments
Term
prokaryotic
Definition
simple cell structure; lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus
Term
eukaryotic cells
Definition
multicellular organisms
Term
organelle
Definition
exhibit compartmentalization; membrane-bound compartments with own unique structure and fuction
Term
proteome
Definition
all of the types and relative amounts of proteins that are made in a particular cell at a particular time and under specific conditions
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
network of 3 different types of protein filaments
Term
1. microtubules
2. intermediate filaments
3. actin filaments
Definition
3 networks of cytoskeleton
Term
dynamic invisibility
Definition
microtubules can oscilate between growing and shortening phases
Term
centrosome/microtubule
Definition
organizing center; single structure near nucleas found in nondividing animal cells
Term
centrioles
Definition
within the centrisome, pair of structures arranged perpendicular to each other
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
important for cellular activities such as chromosomes during cell division
Term
intermediate filaments
Definition
intermediate in diameter between actin filaments; tend to be relatively simple
Term
actin filaments
Definition
thinnest filament; play key role in cell shape and strength. tend to be highly concentrated near plasma membrane.
Term
semiautonomous organelles
Definition
mitochondira and chloroplast organelles can grow and divide to reproduce themselves, but are not completely autonomous because they depend on other parts of the cell for their internal compartments
Term
chloroplasts
Definition
capture light energy and use some of it to synthesize organic molecules such as glucose
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
use light energy to synthesize organic molecules
Term
plastids
Definition
specialized plant organelles
Term
nucleus
Definition
contains genetic material, chromatin, composed of DNA and proteins
Term
nucleolus
Definition
ribosomal RNA is transcribed and assembled here
Term
nuclear envelope/nuclear pore
Definition
surround nucleus and control messages that enter and leave nucleus
Term
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
synthesizes lipids, contains enzymes to break down toxic substances
Term
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
responsible for protein assembly, network covered in ribosomes (used to assemble proteins)
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
near the ER is a stack of flattened membranes that receive the newly made proteins and lipids from ER
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
packages, processes and secretes these macromolecules prior to their secretion from the cell
Term
lysosomes
Definition
the recycling center - only found in animal cells, they break down the covalent bonds of all four types of macromolecules into their building blocks
Term
lysosomes
Definition
can pick up cells outside of the cell via endocytosis
Term
hydrolytic enzymes
Definition
used to break lysosome bonds
Term
peroxisome
Definition
contains around 50 enzymes; can break down peroxide; metabolizes fatty acids
Term
central vacuoles
Definition
stores food, plant waves, ions, maintains turgor pressure
Term
cytosol
Definition
inside the plasma membrane and outside of the organelles is made of fluid
Term
cytosol
Definition
this fluid comprises up to 50% of the cell volume and contains ribosomes that assemble proteins and stay in the cell
Term
central vacuole
Definition
metabolism is located here
Term
central vacuole
Definition
location of translation
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
boundary between the cell and the extracellular environment
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