Term
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Definition
| all the organisms that live together in a specific place |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of species present |
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Term
| Define primary productivity |
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Definition
| the amount of energy produced |
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Term
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Definition
| group of species which makeup only a portion of the community |
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Term
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Definition
| H.A. Gleason; a community is nothing more than an aggregation of species that happen to occur together at one place |
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Term
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Definition
| F.E. Clements: a community is an integrated unit; superorganism-more than the sum of its parts |
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Term
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Definition
| places where the environment changes abruptly |
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Term
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Definition
| places where the environment changes abruptly |
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Term
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Definition
| the total of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its environment |
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Term
| Define interspecific competition |
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Definition
| occurs when two species attempt to use the same resource and there is not enough resource to satisfy both |
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Term
| Define interference competition |
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Definition
| physical interactions occur when competing over access to resources: fighting, defense of territory |
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Term
| Define exploitation competition |
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Definition
| occurs when two species compete to consume the same resources |
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Term
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Definition
| the entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on physiological tolerance limits and resource needs |
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Term
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Definition
| actual set of environmental conditions, presence or absence of other species, in which the species can establish a stable population |
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Term
| What is the principle of competitive exclusion? |
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Definition
| if two species are competing for a limited resource, the species that uses the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other locally |
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Term
| Define resource partitioning |
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Definition
| Species may divide up the resources |
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Term
| Define character displacement |
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Definition
| differences in morphology evident between sympatric species |
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Term
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Definition
| consuming of one organism by another |
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Term
| Briefly explain how predator-prey relationships may lead to coevolution. |
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Definition
-Predation provides strong selective pressure on the prey population
-Features that decrease the probability of capture are strongly favored
-Predator populations counteradapt to continue eating the prey
-Coevolution race may ensue |
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Term
| List 4 adaptations prey may evolve to escape predation |
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Definition
-Chemical defenses
-Defensive coloration
-Mimicry
-Difficult structure to consume |
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Term
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Definition
| resemble another species which has defensive strategies |
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Term
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Definition
Named for Henry Bates
Discovered palatable insects that resembled brightly colored, distasteful species
Mimics would be avoided by predators because they looked like distasteful species
Feed on plants with toxic chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
Fritz Müller
Discovered that several unrelated but poisonous species come to resemble one another
Predator learns quickly to avoid them
Some predators evolve an innate avoidance |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more kinds of organisms interact in more-or-less permanent relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| benefits one species and is neutral to the other |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| benefits one species at the expense of another |
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Term
| Briefly explain how symbiotic relationships may to lead to coevolution. |
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Definition
Coevolution of flowering plants and insects
Ants and acacias
Acacias provide hollow thorns and food
Ants provide protection from herbivores |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on exterior surface of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Briefly explain how predation and parasitism can reduce competition |
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Definition
Predators choice depends partly on relative abundance of the prey options
Superior competitors may be reduced in number by predation
This allows other species to survive when they could have been out competed |
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Term
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Definition
| species whose effects on the composition of communities are greater than one might expect based on their abundance |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs on bare, lifeless substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in areas where an existing community has been disturbed but organisms still remain |
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Term
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Definition
| early successional species are characterized by r-selected species tolerant of harsh conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| early successional species introduce local changes in the habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the habitat caused by one species inhibits the growth of the original species |
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Term
| After a disturbance in the environment, will r-selected species or K-selected species begin to repopulate the area first? Which group of species will come second? |
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Definition
| r-selected and then K-selected |
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Term
| Give 3 or more reasons why communities are constantly changing |
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Definition
Climatic changes
Species invasions
Disturbance events |
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Term
| Define the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. |
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Definition
| communities experiencing moderate amounts of disturbance will have higher levels of species richness than communities experiencing either little or great amounts of disturbance |
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Term
| What is the result of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? |
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Definition
Patches of habitat will exist at different successional stages
May prevent communities from reaching the final stages of succession |
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