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BIO 230: Body's Nonspecific Defenses
Body defenses against infection
58
Biology
Undergraduate 2
08/05/2009
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Term

Nonspecific defenses

Specific defenses

 Definition
The 2 main body defenses
Term
Nonspecific Defenses
 Definition
Protect the body no matter what.
Term
Specific Defenses
 Definition
Defenses specific to pathogen.
Term
Specific Defense
 Definition
Immune System is a ________(nonspecific/specific) body defense.
Term

Common Anatomical Barriers

Reflexes and Secretions

Nonspecific Body Chemicals

Normal Resident Bacteria

Inflammation

 Definition
Nonspecific Defenses
Term

skin

mucous membranes

hair

bone

 Definition
Four common anatomical barriers
Term

Physical Barrier: very few microorganisms can get through unbroken skin

 

Chemical Barrier: acid pH (5-6)

 Definition
How skin works as an anatomical barrier.
Term

Staphylococcus aureus

tularemia (Rabbit Fever)

dermatophyte molds

 Definition
Three organisms that are exceptions to skin as a physical barrier.
Term

Lining Body Openings

Eyes

Mouth

Lower genital and urinary tracts

Lower digestive tract

Respiratory Tract

 Definition
Where mucous membranes are found...
Term
Mucous membranes
 Definition
Anatomical barrier that produces a sugar complex to trap bacteria and has cilia.
Term

Body Openings

Eyebrows

Lashes

Nose

Lower genital tract, etc...

 Definition
Where hair can be found...
Term

skull

ribs & sternum

pelvic bones

 Definition
Three areas where bones are an important anatomical barrier.
Term

tears                        nasal secretions

saliva                      coughing

sneezing                 vomiting

diarrhea                 urine flow

menstrual flow      etc...

 Definition
Nine reflexes and secretions the body uses as defenses against infection.
Term
Blinking - tears flush the eye and contain an antibacterial protein called lysozyme.
 Definition
How tears work as a defense against infection.
Term
lysozyme
 Definition
Antibacterial protein contained in tears.
Term

Lysozyme              Beta lysins

Complement          Interferons

Spermine               Acids

Antibacterial proteins and enzymes in phagocytic cells

 Definition
Seven Nonspecific body chemicals
Term
Lysozymes
 Definition
Antibacterial protein found in tears, saliva, spinal fluid and inside phagocytic cells. Are effective against gram positive bacteria.
Term
Beta Lysins
 Definition
Serum proteins found in blood which have antibacterial action.
Term
Complement
 Definition
Complex serum protein which helps destroy bacteria with capsules.
Term
Interferon
 Definition
Antiviral protein.
Term
Spermine
 Definition
Antibacterial protein found in semen.
Term
Acids
 Definition
Non-specific body chemicals found in stomach, skin and vagina.
Term

myeloperoxidase

leucins

phagocytins

 Definition
Three examples of antibacterial proteins and enzymes inside phagocytic cells.
Term
  1.  
    1. Skin
    2. Upper respiratory tract
    3. Lower digestive tract
    4. Mouth
    5. Lower Genital tract 
    6. Lower Urinary tracts
 Definition
Where normal resident bacteria can be found in the body.
Term
  1. Starve out pathogens
  2. Produce harmful waste products
  3. Cover "target cells"
 Definition
Three ways normal resident bacteria keep out pathogens.
Term
Inflammation
 Definition
Uses phagocytes to localize, destroy and remove harmful material such as (but not limited to) infection.
Term

Blood phagocytes

Tissue macrophage

 Definition
Two main types of phagocytes
Term
White Blood Cells
 Definition
Leukocytes
Term
Because they create a creamy white fluid when they collectively die (aka - pus)
 Definition
Why leukocytes are called White Blood Cells.
Term

bone marrow

lymph tissue

 Definition
Where leukocytes are made.
Term

spleen

lymph nodes

 Definition
Examples of lymph tissue
Term
5,000-9,000
 Definition
Number of leukocytes circulating per cubic mm of blood.
Term
leukocytosis
 Definition
When WBC's are increased above 9,000 to fight infection.
Term
50,000
 Definition
Normal limit of WBC's in a cubic mm of blood to fight infection.
Term
Leukemia
 Definition
When WBC's increase beyond 50,000 per cubic mm of blood, it may be a sign of this disease.
Term

high risk of infection

anemia

bruising

 Definition
Three symptoms of leukemia.
Term
Leukocytopenia
 Definition
When WBC's decrease below 1,000 per cubic mm of blood, rendering the patient susceptible to infection.
Term
  1.  
    1. Disease or damage to bone marrow
    2. Chemicals
    3. Radiation
    4. Some antibiotics
 Definition
Four causes of leukocytopenia
Term

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

 Definition
Two main types of Leukocytes
Term

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinophils

 Definition
Three Granulocytes
Term
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
 Definition
Polymorphs, neutrophils, PMNs
Term
  1.  
    1. Most common WBC (60-70%)
    2. Very active phagocytes
    3. Short lived
    4. Cannot multiply
 Definition
Four characteristics of neutrophils
Term
  1.  
    1. Stain with basophilic dye
    2. 1 % of WBC's
    3. Poor phagocytes
    4. Short lived
    5. Cannot multiply
    6. Can differentiate into mast cells
 Definition
Six characteristics of Basophils
Term
  1.  
    1.  
      1. Stain with eosin
      2. 1-3% of WBCs
      3. Relatively poor phagocytes
      4. Short lived
      5. Cannot multiply
      6. Suppress inflammation
 Definition
Six characteristics of eosinophils
Term

Eosinophils

 

Because they suppress/turn off inflammation.

 Definition
Show up when infections are clearing up.
Term

Mononuclear phagocytes

Lymphocytes

 Definition
Two main types of agranulocytes.
Term
mononuclear phagocytes
 Definition
monocytes
Term
  1.  
    1. 3-8% of all WBCs
    2. Very active phagocytes
    3. Long lived
    4. Can multiply (cell division/mitosis)
 Definition
Four characteristics of monocytes
Term
  1. 20-25% of all WBCs
  2. Active phagocytes
  3. Long lived
  4. Can multiply
 Definition
Four characteristics of lymphocytes
Term

B-lymphocytes

T-lymphocytes

 Definition
Two main types of lymphocytes that are considered parts of specific body defenses.
Term
B-lymphocytes
 Definition
Control/regulate humoral immunity.
Term
T-lymphocytes
 Definition
Control/regulate cell mediated immunity.
Term
Tissue macrophages
 Definition
tissue phagocytes
Term
Lymphocytes
 Definition
Mediate (regulate/control) most parts of the immune system.
Term

Wandering macrophages

Fixed macrophages

 Definition
Two types of tissue macrophages.
Term
  1. Move through tissue
  2. Very active phagocytes
  3. Long lived
 Definition
Three characteristics of wandering macrophages.
Term
  1. Active phagocytes
  2. Long lived
  3. Remain in lymph nodes as part of the RE cells.
 Definition
Three characteristics of fixed macrophages.
Term
Reticuloendothelial cells
 Definition
RE cells
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