Term
| How does the cell size change in a hypertonic solution? how about a hypotonic solution? |
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Definition
| In a hypernotic solution, a cell will shrink (water moves out). In a hypotonic solution, the cell will grow (water comes into cell). |
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Term
| Vertebrate kidneys have what 6 roles in homeostasis? |
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Definition
1.Ion balance 2.Osmotic balance 3.Blood pressure 4.pH balance 5.Excretion of metabolic wastes and toxins 6.Hormone production |
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Term
| Four features of transport epithelia |
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Definition
1.Asymmetrical distribution of membrane transporters 2.Cells interconnect to form an impermeable sheet of tissue 3.High cell diversity within the tissue 4.Abundant mitochondria (large ATP energy suppy)
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Term
| The 2 layers of the kidney |
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Definition
| The outer corex and the inner medulla |
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Term
| Urine leaves the kidney via ___....this empies into ________. |
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Definition
| Urine leaves the kidney via the ureter...the ureter empties into the urinary bladder |
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Term
| The functional unit of the kidney is the ___...what is it compose of? |
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Definition
| The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. It is composed of the renal tubule and the associated vasculature. |
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Term
| A renal tubule is a tube constructed from _____ |
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Definition
| A renal tubule is a tube constructed from a single layer of epithelial cells, though the nature of the cells differs along the length of teh structure - various segments with specific transport functions. |
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Term
| The main element of the nephron vasculature is _____, which is... |
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Definition
| The main element of the nephron vasculature is the glomerulus which is a twised ball of capillaries that delivers fluis to the tubule. |
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Term
| Fluids that leave the glomerulus eneter... |
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Definition
| Fluids that leave the glomerulus enter the Bowman's capsule and move down the lumen. |
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Term
| What surrounds the renal tubule? |
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Definition
| Capillary beds surround the renal tubule |
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Term
| Blood is delivered to the kidney by... |
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Definition
| Blood is delivered to the kidney by the renal artery |
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Term
| What are the 4 processes of urine production? |
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Definition
1.Filtration - filtrate of blood formed at glomerulus 2.Reabsorption - specific molecules in the filtrate removed 3.Secretion - specific molecules add to the filtrate 4.Excretiotion -urine is excreted from the body |
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Term
| Mouth of the renal tubule that surrounds the glomerulus |
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Definition
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Term
| Three specialized regions of the renal tubule |
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Definition
Proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, and Distal tubule
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Term
| This part of the nephron is central to nephron function because it delivers the fluids that become the primary urine and governs the nature of the interstitial fluids that surround the tubule. |
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Definition
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Term
| Liquid components of the blood are filtered into the |
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Definition
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Term
| When liquid components of the blood are filtered into Bowman's capsule, what crosses the glomerular wall and which do not get filtered? |
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Definition
| Water and small solutes cross the glomerular wall while blood cells and large macromolecules are not filtered |
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Term
| Glomerular capillaries are very leaky...these 2 things help form the filtration structure |
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Definition
| Podocytes (specialized epithelial cells which cover the other surface of the capillary) and foot processes (cytoplasmic extensions on the podocytes) |
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Term
| What do Mesangial cells do? |
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Definition
| Mesangial cells are similar to smooth muscle cells - they control blood pressure and filtration within the glomerulus by wrapping around the capillaries of the glomerulus and contracting to restrict blood flow. |
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Term
| Filtrate flows from the Bowman's capsule into... |
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Definition
| Filtrate flows from Bowman's capsule into the proximal tubule |
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Term
| Initial filtrated filtered in Bowman's capsule that is isosmotic to blood |
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Definition
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Term
| True/False: Most water and salt in the primary urine do not get reabsorbed using transport proteins and energy |
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Definition
| FALSE...Most water and salt in the primary uring DO get reabsorbed using transport proteins and energy |
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Term
| Rate of reabsorption into the peritubular capillaries (efferent arteriole) is limited by... |
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Definition
the number of transporters
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Term
| Concentration of a specfic solute that will overwhelm reabsorptive capacity |
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Definition
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Term
| True/False: Each zone of the nephron has transporters for specific solutes |
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Definition
| TRUE: Each zone of the nephron has transporters for specific solutes |
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Term
| Reabsorption of glucose is done via |
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Definition
| Secondary Active Transport (transport of a molecule across a membrane against its electrochemical gradient, driven by the cotransport of another molecule along its electrochemical gradient) |
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Term
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Definition
Secretion - molecules removed from the blood and transported into the filtrate
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Term
| Molecules often secreted from blood into filtrate...and does secretion require transport proteins/energy? |
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Definition
K+, NH4+, H+, pharmaceuticals, water-soluble vitamins. YES: secretion requires transport proteins and energy |
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Term
Where is most of the solute and water is reabsorbed? Where is reabsorption completed for most solutes? What drains multiple nephrons and carries urine to the renal pelvis? |
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Definition
Most of the solute and water is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. For most solutes, reabsorption is completed in the distal tubule. The collecting duct drains multiple nephrons and carries urine to the renal pelvis. |
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Term
| The differences in transport and permeability along the tubule regions is due to... |
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Definition
differences in epithelium along the tubule
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Term
| Where would you expect to find more microvilli - epithelial cells along the proximal tubule or descending limb? |
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Definition
| Proximal tubule epithelial cells will have more microvilli because this is where most of the reabsorption occurs...the descending limb is really only good for reabsobing water. |
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Term
| Many solutes reabsorbed in the proximal tubule are done via... |
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Definition
Na+ cotransport - water flows by osmosis
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Term
| Is the descending limb of the loop of Henle permeable to water? What does this say about the volume of the primary urine? |
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Definition
| YES, the descending limb is permeable to water. This means that water reabsorption here causes the volume of the primary urine to decrease and become more concentrated. |
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Term
| Is the ascending limb of the loop of Henle permeable to water? What happens here? How does this effect the primary urine? |
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Definition
| NO, the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is NOT permeable to water. Ions are reabsorbed in the ascending limb which results in the primary urine becoming more dilute. |
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Term
| Reabsorbed ions from the loop of Henle accumulate in... |
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Definition
| Reabsorbed ions accumulate in interstitial fluid...an osmotic gradient is created in the medulla. |
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Term
| The loop of Henle passes through osmotic gradients in the medulla. The osmolarity is lowest near...and increases... |
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Definition
[image]
The osmolarity is lowest near the border of the cortex and increases deeper into the kidney |
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Term
The distal tubule can reabsorb ____ and can secrete ____. Transport function of distal tubule is affeced by... |
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Definition
The distal tubule can reabsorb salts and water and can secrete K+ (K+channel). Transport function of distal tubule is affected by hormones - Parathormone increase Ca2+ reabsorption and Aldosteron increases K+ secretion.
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Term
| Does Cl- reabsorption take place in the distal tubule? |
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Definition
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Term
| This part of the renal tubule acts as a countercurrent multiplier |
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Definition
| The Loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier (a countercurrent multiplier is a structure in which 2 fluids in flow in opposite directions on either side of an exchange surface, allowing high efficiency exchange of materials by active means) |
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Term
| The loop of Henle creates an osmotic gradient that facilitates the... |
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Definition
reabsorption of water Low osmolarity near cortex High osmolarity deep in the medulla |
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Term
Vasopressin (aka ADH) increases water reabsorption by from the _____ by... Vasopressin release is stimulated by... Release is inhibited by... |
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Definition
Vasopressin increases water reabsorption from the collecting duct by increasing number of aquaporins. Vasopressin release is stimulated by increasing plasma osmolarity detected by osmoreceptors in the hypthalamus. Release is inhibited by increasing blood pressure detected by stretch receptors in the atria and baroreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies. |
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