Term
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Definition
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
Some Engines Need Additional Gas (speed up) |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
Good Girls Don't Eat Sugar (slow down) |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance P, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Acetylcholine, Glutamate |
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Term
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Definition
| GABA, Glycine, Dopamine, Endorphins, Serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
| Excitatory; Affects Parasaympathetic NS, Skeletal muscles, CNS |
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Term
| Acetylcholine's effect on Nicotinic Receptors |
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Definition
| At Neuromuscular junction = skeletal muscle contraction |
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Term
| Acetylcholine's effect on Muscarinic Receptors |
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Definition
| At Parasympathetic; ↓ Heart Rate ↓ BP, ↑ Digestion, pupil constriction |
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Term
| Effect of Organophosphate/Nerve Gas |
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Definition
| inhibits Acetylcholinesterase = more acetylcholine |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in acetylcholine |
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Term
| Ephinephrine and Norepinephrine are both ______s |
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Definition
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Term
| Ephinephrine and Norepinephrine effect ____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Monoamine oxidase; breaks up Monoamines |
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Term
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Definition
| nicotinic blocking agent; prevents skeletal muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
affected by epinephrine/norepinephrine
= dilation of iris, blood vessel constriction (increase BP) |
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Term
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Definition
epinephrine/norepinephrine affect it;
at presynaptic membranes
= no more norepinephrine release |
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Term
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Definition
| pupil dilation if on eye, vasoconstriction if intravenous |
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Term
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Definition
| HEART, = ↑ heart rate, ↑ stroke volume |
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Term
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Definition
| bronchioles (bronchiodilation), skeletal muscle (increased contraction strength) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor, prevents breakdown of epinephrine and norepinephrine
= ↑ heart rate, ↑ BP |
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Term
| what might a β2 agonist treat? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| excitatory; excites muscles, regulates food intake, sex drive, mood, anxiety |
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is LSD most like? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors |
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Term
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Definition
| increase mood, food regulation, sex drive, less anxiety because more serotonin is in clefts |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitor; helps mood, digestion, motor control, behavior and emotional reward like drugs/alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased dopamine; decreased motor control |
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Term
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Definition
| excitatory; throughout the entire brain, helps with memory/learning |
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Term
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Definition
| Excitatory, helps pain transmission to CNS, allows us to know an injury has occured |
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Term
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Definition
| Body's own Morphine (runner's high, etc.) and can cause euphoria |
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Term
| What can release endorphines |
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Definition
| exercise, chocolate, chili peppers, acupuncture, meditation, sex |
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Term
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Definition
inhibitory; allows more Cl- into the postsynaptic neuron = hyperpolarization
Inhibits MUSCLES |
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Term
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Definition
| Huntington's disease = muscle jerking, seizures |
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Term
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Definition
inhibitory; in the CNS spinal cord / brain stem, increases Cl-
helps smooth balance between impulses in spine |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycine Antagonist = convulsions, death |
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Term
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Definition
| in White Blood Cells, increases cell permeability and alertness |
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Term
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Definition
| throughout body, involved in allergic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| stomach, responds to histamine released during digestion |
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Term
| Lightly Touch (texture, slow vibrations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pain, Temperature, Light touch |
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Definition
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Term
| Deep touch, Deep pressure, fast vibrations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| near point becomes longer as we age because lens loses elasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| nearsighted; eyeball is too long or lens too strong |
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Term
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Definition
| farsighted; eyeball is too short or lens is lazy |
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Term
| lens changing shape to focus = |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| miosis = ?, what nerve controls? |
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Definition
| constriction of the pupil; CN3 oculomotor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cholinergic drug's affect on eye = |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenergic drug's affect on eye |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenergic Antidepressants |
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Definition
| MAOI drugs, nardil, parnate, marplan |
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Term
| Serotonergic Antidepressants |
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Definition
| SSRI, zoloft, prozac, paxil |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what nerves are involved in the pupillary response to light |
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Definition
| CN2 (optic)for the sight of the light, and CN3 (oculomotor) for miosis |
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Term
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Definition
| both eyes respond when light is shined |
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Term
| Light in RIGHT EYE, RIGHT CONSTRICTS, light in LEFT EYE, RIGHT CONSTRICTS |
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Definition
| problem with CNIII on the left |
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Term
light in RIGHT EYE, NEITHER CONSTRICTS,
light in LEFT EYE, BOTH CONSTRICT |
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Definition
| problem with CNII on right |
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Term
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Definition
night vision, peripheral vision, see gray, sensitive to light/motion
Acts as transducer, changing light energy into action potential energy |
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Term
| Made from Vitamin A, deficiency causes night blindness |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| color vision, not light sensitive |
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Term
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Definition
| pigment in cones, 3 types - red, blue, green |
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Term
| cone pigments and wavelengths? |
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Definition
| red = long, green = medium, short = blue |
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Term
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Definition
Rhodopsin absorbs photons -->
Cis-retinal isomerizes into trans-retinal -->
Opsin triggers reaction cascade --> signal created in optic nerve --> trans-retinal separates from opsin |
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Term
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Definition
| trans-retinal is converted back to cis-retinal via enzymes --> opsin and cis-retinal enzymatically combine to regenerate rhodopsin |
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Term
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Definition
| Retina --> Optic Nerve --> Optic Chiasma (cross over)--> Optic tract --> Occipital Lobe (visual cortex) |
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Term
| Auditory Vibration pathway |
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Definition
| Pinna --> Auditory Canal --> Tympanic Membrane --> Ossicles --> Oval Window --> (INNER EAR) --> Perilymph --> Cochlea --> Round Window |
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Term
| Shape of Basilar Membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| Number of hair cells stimulated |
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Definition
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Term
| for balance, cerebellum needs 2/3 of: |
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Definition
| 1. eyes, 2. vestibular apparatus, 3. kinesthetic receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| kinesthetic receptors tell where limbs are in space |
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Term
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Definition
| Urticle and Saccule maintain head position while body is still |
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Term
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Definition
| Semicircular Canal Ampulla detect rotation of head (spinning, shaking, tipping) |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors in Urticle and Saccule, filled with hairs attached to vestibular branch of CNIII (oculomotor) |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the receptor for hearing and it is found in the Cochlear Duct of the Cochlea |
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Term
| 5 types of chemoreceptors for taste |
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Definition
| sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami (meaty taste) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| pain associated chemicals |
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Definition
| bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandins |
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Term
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Definition
A-delta (unmyelinated axons), and C-fibers (unmyelinated fibers)
carry to spinal cord |
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Term
| Second Order to Third order neurons |
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Definition
| first orders synapse using substance P or glutamate at second order, these go up spinal cord to the third order at the thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
Noxious perception (Feel pain)
Localization (where is it?)
Allow you to respond |
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Term
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Definition
| Visceral pain, often inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What carries superficial pain? |
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Definition
| a-delta (myelinated) = fast |
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Term
| what carries visceral pain? |
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Definition
| c-fibers (unmyelinated) = slow |
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Term
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Definition
| adjacent neurons by where pain occurred are inhibited so that signal is enhanced and localization is easier |
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Term
| how does aspirin alter pain perception? |
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Definition
| inhibits production of prostaglandins |
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Term
| how do endorphins and enkaphalins alter pain perception? |
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Definition
| inhibit pain TRANSMISSION, work just like Opiate drugs |
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Term
| how do non-pain pathways alter pain perception? |
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Definition
| for ex, touch receptors fire off and therefore decrease the information sent along the pain path. That's why we rub an injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| Visceral pain is felt in superficial areas |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| awake, attentive/thinking hard |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sleep, deepest and slowest rhythm |
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Term
| role of light on circadian clock |
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Definition
light INHIBITS melatonin,
Dark STIMULATES melatonin production
these go to hypothalamus to help set the clock |
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Term
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Definition
| reverse learning, memory consolidation, necessary for mental well being |
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Term
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Definition
brain restores itself for whatever is needed for next day,
also motor learning, SKATEBOARD TRICK WHILE SLEEPING |
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Term
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Definition
| reflexive, shooting a basketball |
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Term
| explicit memory, and 2 types |
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Definition
| learning facts, abstract (book facts) and episodic (events) |
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Term
| right hemisphere of brain is for: |
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Definition
art/patterns/music
faces, symbols, emotion in speech |
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Term
| left hemisphere of brain is for |
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Definition
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Term
| which hemisphere is usually dominant? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
LEFT SIDE
word recognition/comprehensive; knowing what you are saying or writing/hearing or reading |
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Term
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Definition
LEFT SIDE
making the words come out of your mouth, if damaged, they know what they want to say but can't say it |
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Term
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Definition
RIGHT SIDE
recognizes symbols, patterns, faces |
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Term
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Definition
RIGHT SIDE
recognize emotion is speech, like if someone is angry while talking to you |
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Term
| parts of brain involved with memory formation and consolidation |
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Definition
| amydala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe |
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