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Bio 223
Exam 2
26
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/01/2014

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Term
nutrition
Definition
process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used for cellular activities (transfer to chemicals)
Term
essential nutrients
Definition
substances that must be provided to an organism
Term
macronutrients
Definition
large quantities roles in cell structure and metabolism
EX: proteins and carbohydrates
Term
micronutrients or trace elements
Definition
small amounts, enzyme function, differ in microbes
EX: Manganese, zinc, nickel
Term
heterotroph
Definition
organism uses inorganic carbon forms made by other living organisms
EX: Horse
Term
Autotroph
Definition
Organism uses inorganic forms of carbon (CO2) to make organic carbon source (Glucose)
EX: plants, algae, cyanobacteria
Term
Chemotrophs
Definition
microbes use chemical energy to make organic C
Term
Phototrophs
Definition
microbes use light energy to make organic C (photosynthesis)
Term
Photoautotrophs
Definition
Energy Source: Son light (Light E) converted to chemical E

Carbon Source :Inorganic C (CO2) make to organic C (sugar and producers)

Photosynthesis: Produce sugar and oxygen gas, have chlorophyll

Examples: Algae, plants cyanobacteria
Term
Chemoautotrophs
Definition
Energy Source: From chemical E (most organic sources) to make chemical energy, NO sunlight

Carbon Source: Inorganic C (CO2) converted to organic C

Make all organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules (H gas, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, Iron-containing compounds)

Examples:
-Archea: Extremophiles, deep sea
-Methanogens: Produce methane from H gas & CO2
-Halophiles: Organisms live in high conc of salt
Term
Photoheterotrophs
Definition
Energy Source: Sun light E converted to chemical E

Carbon Source: Organic C to make another organic C

Photosynthesis with NO oxygen made (other acceptor), have bacteriochlorphyll, Reactants hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide gas

EX: Purple (non/ sulfur) and green photosynthetic bacteria
Term
Chemoheterotroph
Definition
Energy source: Chemical E converted to another chemical E

Carbon Source: Organic C converted to another Organic C

Types:
-Parasite: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, animals
-Saprobe: fungi, decomposers (bacteria)

Examples: viruses to helminths: bacteris, fungi, protozoa, animals
Term
Methanogens
Definition
produce methane from H gas and CO2
Term
Parasite
Definition
organisms that derive nutrients from cells or tissues of a host, harmful (pathogens)
Term
Ectoparasite
Definition
Live on body
Term
Endoparasite
Definition
In organs & tissue
Term
Obligate intercellular parasite
Definition
Within cells
Term
Saprobe
Definition
Fungi, decomposers (bacteria)
Term
solutions
Definition
homogenous mixture
Term
solute
Definition
substance dissolved in another substance (Ion, Sugars)
Term
solvent
Definition
substance that solutes dissolve in (water)
Term
passive transport
Definition
-does not require energy
-substance exist in a gradient:
move from area of higher concentration towards areas of lower concentration

EX:
-Diffusion
-Osmosis: diffusion of water
-Facilitated diffusion: requires a carrier
Term
Diffusion
Definition
atoms and molecules in constant motion, motion increase with increase temp

Net movement of molecules/ solutes from high conc to low conc
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane (choose what molecules enter and leave cell)

Water move to the side where the conc of molecules/ solutes is higher
Term
Facilitated diffusion
Definition
requires a carrier, specific substance
Term
active transport
Definition
-requires energy (ATP)
-require specific membrane carrier protiens (perm eases, carriers and pumps)
-gradient independent: against diffusion gradient: move from low conc to high conc (molecules, phosphates, metal ions)

EX:
-Active Transport
-Group translocation: transported molecule chemically altered
-Bulk transportation: endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis
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