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Definition
| a specialized area of biology that deals with livin things (some not) ordinarily too small to be seen with the naked eye. |
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| a living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification; an organism of microscopic size |
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| orderly arrangement of organisms into groups |
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| system of assigning names |
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| two name system of naming organisms (latin, greek) |
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| Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
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| the formation of two new cells of approximately eual size as the result of parent cell division |
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| the branch of biology dealing with fungi |
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| branch of botany dealin with algea |
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| Any agent usually a virus,bacterium, fungus, protozoan or helminth that that causes diseases |
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| mainpulate genetics of organisms; plants and animals for the purpose of creating new products |
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| switch DNA from one organism to another |
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| bacteria usually found in decomposing plants/ lactic products, inhibits, growth of spoliage agents |
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| "solid chunks" the coagulated millk protein used in cheese making |
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| the residual fluid from milk coagultaion that seperates from the solified curd |
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| the enzyme casein coagulase, which is used to produce curd in the processing of milk and cheese |
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| products causing milk to seperate into curds and whey |
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Definition
| general approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon |
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| a tentative explination or statment to account for what is observed or measured what is observed or measured |
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| Hypothesis backed by growning data |
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| Life could arise from non living matter |
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| 1840's schwann and schleiden "all living things are made of cells" |
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-1850s
-virchow
-living cells comes from pre existing cells |
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| organisms convert sugar into alcohol or acid (vinegar) |
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| to kill pathogens by heat, some spoilage organisms stays |
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| theory that microbes can invade other organisms and cause disease |
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| 1875 set of procedures to determine if a microbe cause a certain disease |
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| set of procedures used to minimize contamination by microbes from the enviorment |
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Definition
| treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances |
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Definition
| chemical substance made in the lab |
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Definition
| chemical substances made by microbes |
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| General Sizes of microbes |
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Definition
Mold mm
amoeba/cells um
bacteria um
virus/flagella/protien/dna nm
amino acid/ atom .nm |
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Definition
microbes
unicelluar
morphology
reproduction:binary fission
nutrition: aborbs
motility: some flagella
cell wall: eubacteria peptidolycan
archaea: no peptido |
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Definition
unicellular
reproduction: asexual/ sexual
Cell wall: none
Nutrition: absorb
motility: pseudopods, cilia, flagella |
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Definition
acellular
very small (nm)
electron microscope
parasite
core/capsid: nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), protien coat
some envelope around capsid |
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| 3 domains in the woese-fox system of classification? |
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Definition
| bacteria, archea, eukarya |
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| which domain are fungi members of? |
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Definition
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| which domain are protozoa members of? |
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Definition
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| which domain are algea apart of? |
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Definition
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| which domain is e. coli apart of? |
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Definition
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| Which domain are viruses apart of? |
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Definition
| none because they are non living infectious agents |
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| Assigning names to microbes |
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Definition
-Binomial nomenclature: two name system of naming organisms (latin, greek)
-two names: genus, species
-underlined or italized
-Genus first letter is always capitalized
-species not capitalized
-once mentioned genus name shortened
EX:
Staphylococcus aureus
S. aureus |
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Definition
-rRNA closer to Eukarya
-no peptidoglycan
-no spores
-asexual reproduction:binary fission, fragment, budding
-extremophiles |
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Definition
psychrophilic: cold loving
hyperthermophiles:extreme heat loving
extreme halophiles: red pigment to make ATP on herring, red sea |
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Definition
-multicellular/ unicellular
-reproduction: asexular/sexual
-nutrition: absorbed
-cell wall:chitin |
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Definition
-unicellular/ some multi
-reproduction: sexual/ asexual
-Nutrition: photosynthesis
cell wall: cellulose |
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Definition
| organisms whose genetic material is enclosed in nucleus (fungi, protozoa, algea) |
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Definition
| organisms whose genetic material is not enclosed in membrane and lack specific organelles (bacteria) |
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| what is the difference between archea and bacteria? similarities? |
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Definition
similarities: they are prokaryotes (unicellular)
Difference:
-rRNA closer to eukarya
-no peptidoglycan
-no spores
-asexual reproduction
-live in extreme habitats in nature |
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| what are the three general morphological categories of bacteria? |
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Definition
-coccus (round)
-bacillus (rod)
-coccobacillus (very short bacillus) |
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| name three cellular structures protozoa use for locomotion and for classifying these organisms |
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Definition
-pseudopods
-cilia
-flagella |
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| are there any known enviorments on earth that do not have some micro organisms living? |
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Definition
| no because they are ubiquitous |
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| what ways are microorganisms are beneficial? |
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Definition
-decomposition
-production of oxygen
-food
-bread
-alcohol
-medicine/ drugs |
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| what ways do microorganisms affect the world? |
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Definition
-part of ecosystem (green house gases)
-nutrient recycling
-interactions with other organisms (normal flora, food chain, antibiotics, vaccines) |
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| what are different areas of microbiology? |
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Definition
-organism function (genetics, ecology, physiology)
-organism affect on health (immunology, public health, pharmaceutical)
-Applied (food, dairy, biotechnology, bioremediation) |
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| what general metabolic process used by microbes aids in food production? |
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Definition
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| why can cheeses have different tastes and properties even though they are all made from the lactic acid fermentation of milk? |
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Definition
| different microbes give different flavors by different fermentation end products |
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| organisms involved in milk production? |
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Definition
| Lactic acid bacteria (lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Streptococcus) |
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| organisms involved in yogurt production? |
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Definition
| lactobacillus bulgaricus, streptococcus thermophilus, lactic acid, and acetaldehyde (makes it taste tart) |
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| organisms involved in cheese production? |
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Definition
| lactobacillus, leuconostoc, streptococcus |
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| organisms involved in bread production? |
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Definition
| yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
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| organisms involved in alcohol production? |
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Definition
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| what causes holes in swiss cheese? |
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Definition
| fermenting the remaining lactose produces carbon dioxide bubbles in the cheese. |
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| what typpe of organism causes the blue color in blue cheese? |
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Definition
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| how does wine become sour? |
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Definition
| wine exposed to air, bacteria form, acetic acid |
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| why did the study of microorganisms not offically begin until the 1500s? |
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Definition
| that was when the development of the first microscope was |
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Definition
| Against spontaneous generation (using flies and meat) |
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| PCR (polymerse chain reaction)amplifying/ copying DNA |
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Definition
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Definition
| Vaccincation for small pox |
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Definition
| first synthetic antibiotic |
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Definition
| Complete the bacterial genome |
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| disinfect surgical wounds |
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Definition
| Cell theory "all living things are made of cells" |
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Definition
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| first to observe live bacteria |
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Definition
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| what were the three theories of how life emerged discussed in lecture? |
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Definition
-spontaneous generation
-cell theory
-biogenesis |
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| what were the major accomplishments of the golden age of microbiology? |
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Definition
-fermentation
-pasteurization
-germ theory
-vaccination |
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| why does milk spoil even if it is pasturized |
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