Term
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Definition
| Required in relatively large amounts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carbon (most abundant); Nitrogen (second most abundant; Phosphorus; Sulfur; Potassium; Magnesium; Calcium; Sodium; Iron. |
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Term
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Definition
Halfway between a macronutrient and micronutrient. Necessary
for enzyme activity in several proteins (ETS). Source inorganic and
organic. Salts are insoluable and difficult to take in to the cell. Several
bacteria have developed the ability to synthesize iron chelators which
bind Fe very tightly and transport it into the cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hi-affinity iron binding proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
type of siderophore that function as ironbinding
compounds
(siderophores) that solubilise
iron and transport it into the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
Required in very small amounts and generally used as cofactors for
enzymes. Source is primarily inorganic. |
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Term
| List examples of micronutrients |
|
Definition
Cobalt
Zinc
Molybdenum
Copper
Manganese
Nickel
Tungsten
Selenium |
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Term
|
Definition
Organic compounds that are required in very small
amounts and only by some cells. |
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Term
| Give some examples of growth factors |
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Definition
Vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines etc.
Vitamins are parts of coenzymes. Some bacteria don't need any
vitamins while some need these for growth because they evolved in a
place where they were furnished to them such as obligate parasitic
species. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
An aqueous solution that
provides the nutrients required for microbial growth. |
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Term
| Defined medium (minimal or synthetic medium |
|
Definition
All of the components and their concentrations are
known . |
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Term
| Undefined medium (complex medium): |
|
Definition
Contains at
least one ingredient that is chemically undefined.
Such as beef extract or yeast extract or blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
Used to solidify the medium. A complex
carbohydrate extracted from seaweed. Does not serve as a
nutrient to most bacteria. |
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Term
invented in 1877 by Julius Richard Petri
(1852-1921), a German bacteriologist who was working as
an assistant to Robert Koch at the time. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
biosynthesis of cell material from
nutrients. Energy is consumed |
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Term
|
Definition
Process of chemical breakdown with the
release of energy. Energy is released. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microorganisms are classified according to their |
|
Definition
energy
source:
A. Phototrophs=photosynthetic, use light for energy.
B. Chemotrophs=Use chemicals as energy sources
1. Chemoorganotrophs=Organic chemicals for
energy.
2. Chemolithotrophs=Inorganic chemicals for
energy. |
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Term
|
Definition
The total amount of energy released
during a chemical reaction. |
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Term
|
Definition
The energy released during a
chemical reaction that is available to do work. The
free energy yield. |
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Term
|
Definition
Change in free energy during a reaction under
standard conditions; 25°C, pH7, with reactant and
product concentrations @1M. |
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Term
| If the ΔG°' is negative then |
|
Definition
the reaction will occur
spontaneously and is called exergonic |
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Term
| If the ΔG°' is positive then |
|
Definition
the reaction will not
occur spontaneously and the reaction is called
endergonic. |
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Term
Free energy of formation: G0
f ; |
|
Definition
The change in energy
when a compound is formed from it's elements. |
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Term
| If the reaction is endergonic then |
|
Definition
energy is required and
the G0
f is positive |
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Term
|
Definition
ΔG°' of A+B→C+D = G0
f [C+D] - G0
f [A+B] |
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Term
|
Definition
an external energy source that is
provided to get the reaction started. |
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Term
|
Definition
| lower the energy of activation |
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Term
|
Definition
True catalysts. Either protein or RNA. bind the substrate at the active site of the enzyme
and lowers the energy of activation by two primary
mechanisms.
1. By putting strains on the bonds of the substrate.
2. Bringing two substrate molecules close to each other. |
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Term
|
Definition
| RNA enzymes. (discovered by Tom Cech 1981). |
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Term
why high temperatures and extreme pH's kill
things. |
|
Definition
| They denature their proteins and nucleic acids. |
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Term
|
Definition
nonprotein portions of enzymes that are involved in the catalytic
process. |
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Term
| What are the two types of functional ligands? |
|
Definition
1. Prosthetic groups
2. coenzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
functional ligands that tightly bound and generally stay bound
once they bind. |
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Term
|
Definition
functional ligands that are loosely bound and are used to carry small
molecules from one enzyme to another. |
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Term
|
Definition
The tendency of a compound to be
reduced or oxidized. Measured by comparing to H2 |
|
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Term
| What determines which way electrons will flow in a reaction? |
|
Definition
the
reduction potentials of both compounds in the redox
reaction. |
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|
Term
what type of organisms oxidize organic compounds such as glucose
for energy. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| List 2 types of electron carriers |
|
Definition
| 1. Freely diffusible; 2. Membrane bound |
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Term
| 1. Freely diffusible electron carriers |
|
Definition
Coenzymes like Nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide NAD and NADP(phosphate). |
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Term
| 2. Membrane bound electron carriers |
|
Definition
| These are in the membrane (electron transport chain) |
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|
Term
NAD is generally involved in __________
and NADP is generally involved in___________.
a) anabolism
b)catabolism |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Oxidation of organic compounds in the
absence of an external electron acceptor. Organisms that
ferment actually use an internal electron acceptor. |
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Term
|
Definition
Oxidation of organic compounds in the
presence of an external electron acceptor |
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Term
|
Definition
| External electron acceptor is oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
External electron acceptor is
something other than oxygen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| provides the energy for ATP synthesis |
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Term
| Aldolase reaction in glycolysis |
|
Definition
Aldolase splits the F1-6 Bis P into two molecules
A. Dihydroxyacetone-P (an isomer of G3P) this is converted to G3P
B. G-3-P (So you end up with 2 G3P's)
no redox reactions up to this point |
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Term
| Stage one product of glycolysis |
|
Definition
| Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate Key intermediate in glycolysis |
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Term
| Mixed acid fermentation is a characteristic of what organism? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Used to make Alcoholic beverages. Bulk chemical manufactured in highest
quantity in the world. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. ethanol; CO2-Baking, fermented beverages (root beer)
Propionic acid-Swiss cheese
Lactic acid-Pickles/yogurt
Acetic acid-vinegar |
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|
Term
Therefore NET GAIN OF _____ ATP/glucose from fermentation.
a)2 b)4 c)6 d)1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fermentation produces low energy yield for what two reasons |
|
Definition
1. Carbon atoms in the original organic substrate are only partially
oxidized.
2. The difference in reduction potential between the primary electron
donor and the terminal electron acceptor is small. |
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Term
| ADVANTAGES OF RESPIRATION OVER FERMENTATION |
|
Definition
1. Carbon atoms in primary electron donor are completely oxidized to CO2
(get as much energy out of it as you can)
2. Termainal electron acceptor has a large positive relative electrical
potential so that a lot of energy is released when the electrons flow to it. |
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Term
| Oxidation of NADH+H+ results in enough energy to make _____ ATP |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Oxidation of FADH results in enough energy to make ______ ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ ATP per Pyruvate= _____ per glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ net ATP per glucose from Glycolysis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Functions of Electron transport chain |
|
Definition
1. Accept electrons from a
donor and pass them to
an acceptor.
2. Conserve the energy by
making ATP. |
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Term
| What is the pathway of electron flow in the ets? |
|
Definition
NADH+H--> NADH Dehydrogenase --> Flavoprotein -->ironsulfur
protein --> coenzyme
Q -->partially reduced
state --> Cytochromes bc1 to c --> Cyt a --> oxygen |
|
|
Term
ETS uses ___________ ___________ to make ATP
a) substrate level phosphorylation
b)oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 subunits of ATP synthase? |
|
Definition
1. F1 is the Cytoplasmic
component. 2. F0 is the Membrane
component. This
component actually rotates
and as it rotates the steps in
ATP formation occur. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
are membrane soluble compounds that are able
to bind protons and transport them through the membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| specifically inhibit one or the electron carriers |
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Term
|
Definition
binds to the Fe of the porphyrin ring and prevents
it from accepting electrons) |
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|
Term
| Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) |
|
Definition
a protein to which 2-carbon groups formed from the degradation of the 3-carbon compound,
malonic acid, are added |
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Term
| Why do bacteria require sugars? |
|
Definition
required for
polysaccharide synthesis. |
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Term
|
Definition
(glucose-new-generating) is
essentially running glycolysis backwards.
Oxaloacetate from the TCA cycle is
converted into Phoshpoenolpyruvate and this
is metabolized to G-6-P
The resulting G-6-P is then ready to be used
to make the polysaccharide precursors,
UDPG and ADPG. |
|
|
Term
name some amino acids that are synthesized from intermediates formed
during glycolysis. |
|
Definition
| Alanine, Serine, Aromatic, and Histidine |
|
|
Term
name 2 amino acids that are synthesized from intermediates formed
during the TCA cycle. |
|
Definition
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