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| Organisms reproduce to... |
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| propogate their species and pass genetic information |
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| Genetic material is replicated, cell splits in two, identical |
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| offspring's genetic makeup is derived from the two parents |
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| In sexual production each parent contributes... |
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| Upon Fertilization this forms... |
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| mitotically(clones) until it is a full being |
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| simply regenerates a cell |
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| Each daughter cell contains |
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| a copy of it's genome(all chromosomes) |
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| Initial strands of dna that split prior to cell division |
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| newly created strands that form on parent strands |
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| unwinds DNA at origins of replication |
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| DNA Polymerase Builds DNA... |
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| 5'->3' off each template strand |
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| seals up adjacent DNA molecules |
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| Binary Fission occurs in... |
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| Chromosomes are made of... |
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| Chromosomes only condense when... |
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| after replication or before division |
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| Condensed chromosomes have ... |
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| two sister chromatids and a centromere |
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| two copies of each chromosome |
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| Humans have this may chromosomes |
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| 22 autosomes, and 23 pairs of chromosomes |
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| Two members of a pair make up a |
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| homologous pair(containing the same), but maybe different alleles |
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| an alternate form of a gene |
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| the sequence of events between divisions |
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| the time between divisions, cell growth and DNA replication |
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| division of the chromosomes |
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| division of the cytoplasm, splitting into two cells |
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| Interphase has how many stages |
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| RNA, proteins and other molecules are made |
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| preparing for cell division |
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| Mitosis(M) Phase has how many stages... |
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| 6 stages, Phrophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis |
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| chromatin condense into chromosomes which bundle in the center; |
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| Chromatid Strands are held together by a... |
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| Similar chromatids which are joined are called |
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| chromosomes with spindle fibers attach to their centromeres and line up along middle(equator) |
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| Chomosomes with spindle fiberes attached move to the middle of the cell |
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| centromeres divide to convert each sister chromatid into a chromosome |
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| chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell and decondense; nuclear envelopes reform; cells start to take shape |
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| cleavage furrow opens, deepens and cytoplasm divides to yield two daughter cells |
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| are each diploid, have two copies of each chromosome, genetically identically |
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| direct copies of descendents, used in majority of replication |
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| have one copy of each chromosome NOT GENETICALLY IDENTICAL |
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| fusion of gametes and restores the number of chromosomes back to 23 pairs |
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| is a diploid zygote, contains 23 pairs of chromosomes |
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| has one stage of replication then two rounds of division yielding haploid gametes |
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| Crossover events can occur... |
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Definition
| during meiosis recombination |
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| The recombination in meiosis... |
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| results in a greater increase in diversity as orientation can change |
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| Haploid gametes yield from |
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| After Telophase 1/ Interkinesis |
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| All chromomes are still in duplicate state, but cells are haploid (meiosis) |
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| Meiosis increase diversity |
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| through crossing over in prophase 1, and independent assortment in metaphase 1, and random fertilization |
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| results in extra chromosomal sets (Fatal to humans) |
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| gametes result with one extra or missing chromosome |
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| make up a homologous pair of chromosomes |
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| diploid, we have two copies of each chromosome, 23 total pairs |
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| Humans have ____ autosomes |
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| Humans have ______ of sex chromosomes |
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| Homologous Pairs contain the |
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| same genes but may have different alleles(flavors) |
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| fundamental principal of genetics |
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| trait that was inherited but not expressed |
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| Displays over recessive traits |
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| specific genetic constitution of an organism |
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| observable properties of an organism |
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| Males and Females Contribute... |
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| equally to the traits of offspring |
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| organisms with identical alleles |
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| alleles are distributed into gametes randomly during meiosis |
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| Humans carry approximately |
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| 20000-25000 genes on 23 pairs of chromosomes |
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| the expression of phenotype that is intermediate to those of the parents(ie pink flows from red/white) |
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| full expression of both alleles is seen heterozygotes(red and white flowers no pink) |
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| Combining DNA from two different sources; genetic engineering |
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| Broad term meaning the manipulation of DNA and genes for some practical purpose, ie to grow insulin |
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| DNA Technology can be used for... |
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| Medicine, Agriculture, Forensics, Data Storage |
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| contain DNA from other species |
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| genetically identical molecules, cells, or organisms, all derived from a single ancestor |
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| often far more useful than cloning full organisms, can be used for medicinal purposes |
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| Gene Cloning Process(Step 1) |
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Definition
| Gene must be removed, or excited from the donor organism |
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| Gene Cloning Process(Step 2) |
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| Gene must then be processed and packaged for deliver into recipient |
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| Gene Cloning Process(Step 3) |
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Definition
| Upon delivery, gene must be replicated, or cloned in the recipient and expressed |
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| The cut out section of DNA which is the part of interest |
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| Restriction Endonucleases |
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Definition
| enzymes that cut both strands of the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA |
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| Ends are cut bluntly by enzyme, reattach easier(each end a different length) |
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| Ends are cut bluntly by enzyme, hard to put back together(both ends cut evenly) |
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| Vector DNA Cut type and Insert Cut... |
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| Must be the same so the two bond together |
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| are carrier molecules that allow us to shuttle genes from one organism to the next |
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| small self replicating circular pieces of DNA(commonly used as vectors in cloning) |
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| Agarose Gel Eletrophoresis |
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| separates DNA fragments by size, allows visualization with staining, contains buffer with small pores to sort DNA |
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| In AGE Sorting(Agarose Gel Electrophoresis) |
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| Large strands move slower than smaller strands |
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| used to seal nicks in sugar-phosphate backbone, bonds DNA of all organisms |
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| Recombinant DNA Molecule Summary |
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Definition
| Mix vector and insert, then ligate :) |
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| PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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| Used to create huge automated quantities of DNA |
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| Used in PCR as high temp polymerase |
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