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| a collection of similarly functioning cells working together as a single unit |
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| Embryonic root. Develops into primary root |
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| What radicle develops into. Main root. |
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| Web of roots. No main root. |
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| Originate at or just below ground from stem |
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| special adventitious roots functioning as props to help support shoot |
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| part where the leaf attaches to the stem |
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| all the living contents of plant cell, including plasma membrane |
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| a layer of polysaccharides that separates two plant daughter cells; will persist. |
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| cytoplasm-filled canals between cells. Endoplasmic reticulum round on either side of Plasmodesmata with strands of the ER going through the canals. |
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| clusters of undifferentiated, actively dividing cells |
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| “seed leaves” provide initial protection for shoot apical |
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| proliferation and lengthening of shoots and roots |
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a mass of dead cells at tip of root apical meristem that protects it
from damage and detects gravity. Have very thick cell walls. |
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| innermost layer of cortex. Cell walls contain suberin, a waterproof substance. |
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| the vascular cylinder produced by the procambium |
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| consists of one or more layers of relatively undifferentiated cells around stele |
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| in monocots, a region of parenchyma cells that store carbs. Also found in stems of some eudicots and monocots. |
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| Vegetative apical meristem. Ceasing the production of leaves and axillary buds and produces small leafy structures called bracts and new meristems between bracts and stems |
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| develop into individual flower |
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| Made up od phloem and xylem. |
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| in ground tissue, where photosynthesis takes place |
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| Proportional to the number of dissolved solutes |
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| + or - relative to atmospheric pressure |
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| force directed against cell wall after influx of water |
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| limp; result of losing water; wilting of plant |
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| cell shrinks and plasma membrane pills away from cell wall |
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| transport proteins that facilitate osmosis. Allow water to flow freely |
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| move hydrogen ions (protons) against electrochemical gradients |
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| movement of carbs and other solutes through phloem |
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| a chemical or element that an organism needs to live and grow |
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| un-weathered parent material beneath C horizon. |
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| a soil type consisting of a mixture of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter |
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| the ability of soil to support life |
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| the process by which mineral nutrients in the upper soil horizons are dissolved in water and carried to deeper horizons |
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| chemical released as an attractant for endomyccorhizea |
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| sites of nutrient exchange in the cortical cells |
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| Organisms capable nitrogen fixation |
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| (flowers)appear singly or in a orderly cluster |
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| length of day required for a plant to begin flowering |
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| Takes 2 years to complete life. |
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| Epidermal tissue, Ground tissue, Vascular tissue |
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Primary cell wall
- Cellulose
- Hemicellulose
-Pectins
Secondary Cell Walls
-Additional layers of cellulose
-hydrophobic lignin |
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Definition
| Difference between primary and secondary cells |
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Term
Shoot apical meristems
- Leaves stems and flowers
Root apical meristems
- Roots |
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Definition
| 2 Apical Meristems and what they form into |
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Term
Protoderm- Dermal system
Ground Meristem- Ground tissue system
Procambium- vascular system |
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Definition
| 3 Primary meristems found in apical meristems and what they develop into |
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Vascular cambium- cylindrical layer of tissue between vascular bundles
Cork Cambium- Beneath bark (periderm) in trees. |
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Definition
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| Epidermis, cuticle, periderm. Guard cells, trichomes, root hairs |
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Definition
| Different regions of dermal tissue systems |
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Term
| Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma |
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Definition
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Xylem- transports water and nutriens from roots to rest of plant. Made of tracheid and vessel elements. All dead cells.
Phloem- carries products of photosynthesis from mesophyll to rest of plant. Made of sieve tube elements and companion cells, which are all living |
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Definition
| Structure and function of vascular tissue. (xylem and Phloem) |
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Term
Zone of division
Zone of elongation
Zone of maturation |
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Definition
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| Water moves from high to low potential. Increased solute conc. increases solute potential. Pressure potential relative to atmospheric pressure. |
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Definition
| Water potential and how it directs water flow. |
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Term
xylem follows (-) pressure potential
phloem (+) pressure potential |
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Definition
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Term
Apoplastic- follows cell walls and extracellular spaces. Initially faster
Symplastic- Follows cytoplasm of living cells connected by Plasmodesmata. Slower initially due to membranes |
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Definition
| 2 pathways that water and minerals take from soil to xylem |
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Term
Transpiration- loss of water on leaves from evaporation create (-) pressure potential.
Cohesion- polarity of water molecules makes them stay close
Tension- Capillary action and inherent surface tension of water. |
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Definition
| Transpiration, Cohesion, Tension |
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| Loading (active transport) from sources, follows phloem along a (+) pressure potential to sinks, unloading of solutes from sieve tubes into sinks |
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Definition
| Pressure flow model for phloem transport |
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| Regulated by water availability, CO2 levels, Light levels, and temperature. Response in changes in turgor pressure in guard cells. Changes in K concentration, Zeaxathin, proton pump activated, cells stretch creating gap, low light levels |
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Definition
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Term
Macronutrients- 1g/1kg dry plant matter
Micronutrients- less than 100g/1kg |
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Definition
| Difference between macronutrients and micronutrients |
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N- protein production
P- phospholipid membrane, phosphate sugar backbone
K- enzymatic activity |
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Definition
| Three primary macronutrients and functions |
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Term
O horizon- organic layer
A- top soil, mixture on mineral materials. Highly aerated.
Eluviated- contains materials leached down from A. B organic material largely absent. C deepest layer result of significant weathering. |
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Definition
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| Fungi provide P and increased surface area. Ecto, hyphae doesn't enter the cells of the plant, only wrap arounf roots. Not obligate. Endo, hyphae enter the cells of the plant forming arbuscles. Obligate. 90% |
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Definition
| Fungal Symbiosis. What the fungi provide plants. Ectomycorrhizae vs. Endomycorrhizae. % of plant with these associations |
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Term
| Plants release strigolactones to attract fungi. Hyphae release chemicals to stimulate expression of symbiosis related genes. Production of prepenetration apparatus. Guides hyphae growth into cortical cells and invade cells. |
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Definition
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| Nitrogenase binds to a N2 molecule. Reducing agent binds 3 pairs of H atoms to N atoms. 2 molecules of ammonia are released |
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Definition
| Process of nitrogen fixation |
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Term
| Rhizobia bacteria.Legumes release flavonoids, attract the bacteria. Nod genes → produce Nod (nodulation) factors. Bacteria released into nodule cells → bacteroids →nitrogen fixing cells |
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Definition
| Formation of N2 fixing nodules in legumes. |
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Term
MIG- expression of these initiate a cascade of further gene expression.
FOIG- triggered by MIG. Determine whether cells in floral meristem will be sepals, pedals, stamens, or carpels |
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Definition
| Genetic: meristem identity genes vs. floral organ identity genes. |
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Term
| CO codes for FT. FD codes for protein that binds to FT.FT codes for florigen. Florigen induces flowering |
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Definition
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Term
| In some species, notably certain cereal grains, the environmental signal for flowering is cold temperature, a phenomenon called vernalization. |
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Definition
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| A hormone that is essential to flowering. When applied directly to the buds, the result is flowering. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Alternation of Generations |
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Term
Sepals, Stamen, Pistil, Pedals
Herm- male and female parts on same flower
Dio- Each plant has only male or female parts
Mono- Have male and female parts on same plant |
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Definition
Flower form and function
4 basic structures
Hermaphroditic
Dioecious
Monoecious |
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Term
Pollination- Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.
Double Fertilization- Release of 2 sperm cells into ovule. One fuses with egg, creating the zygote. Other fuses with 2 polar nuclei to make triploid endosperm |
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Definition
| Pollination and Double fertilization |
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| Mature ovary. Assist in seed dispersal. |
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Definition
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Term
Vegetative reproduction- The stem is the organ that is modified for vegetative reproduction: Stolons, tubers, tip layer rhizomes.
Apomixis- Number of chromosomes is retained so that plant is identical to parent. |
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Definition
Asexual Reproduction
Vegetative vs. Apomixis |
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