Term
| What are 5 key differences between plants and animals? |
|
Definition
1. Surface Area to Volume Ratio
2. Mobility
3. Growth
4. Response to Enviornment
5. Cellular Differences |
|
|
Term
| What is the SA to V ratio in plants and why? |
|
Definition
| They have a large SA to V ration because they need diffuse resources such as light energy, CO2, water and minerals |
|
|
Term
| Plants have __________ growth (from meristems) while animals have ____________ growth (grow all over). |
|
Definition
| Plants have localized growth (from meristems) while animals have generalized growth (grow all over). |
|
|
Term
| Meristems are what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meristems that remain as a source of new cells vs derivatives, which divide until specialized. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meristems that divide until specialized vs intials, which remain as a new source of cells. |
|
|
Term
| Primary growth includes (apical/lateral) meristems and (primary/secondary) tissues. |
|
Definition
| Primary growth includes apical meristems and primary tissues. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary growth includes (apical/lateral) meristems and (primary/secondary) tissues. |
|
Definition
| Secondary growth includes lateral meristems and secondary tissues. |
|
|
Term
| Do apical meristems increase the length or girth of a plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do lateral meristems increase the length or girth of a plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 4 examples of how plants respond to their enviornment through growth. |
|
Definition
1. Flowers grow to bring sex cells together.
2. Seeds grow for dispersal
3. Phototropism (towards light)
4. Gravitropism (towards or away from gravity) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Middle Lamella? |
|
Definition
| This is the adhesive layer in the cell wall that "cements" together the cell walls of adjacent cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Primary Wall? |
|
Definition
| This is the primary cell wall in plant cells that is secreted as the cell grows and develops. |
|
|
Term
| What is the secondary wall? |
|
Definition
| This is a part of the cell wall in specialized cells. They are closer to the protoplast than primary walls. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 parts of a cell wall? |
|
Definition
| The middle lamella, primary wall and secondary wall |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major plant systems? |
|
Definition
| Roots, shoots, and vascular |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 basic plant organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 basic plant tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 basic plant cell types? |
|
Definition
| Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma |
|
|
Term
| Which plant cell type is most abundant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which plant cell type is the most flexible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which plant cell type performs the majority of metabolic functions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are parenchyma primary or secondary walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which plant cell type provides flexible support to young tissues without restraining growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are collenchyma primary or secondary walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of plant cells is an irregularly thickened primary wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sclerenchyma strengthened with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are sclerenchyma primary or secondary walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are sclerenchyma alive or dead at maturity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of sclerenchyma? |
|
Definition
| Sclerenchyma support and protect non-growing body parts. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of sclerenchyma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sclerenchyma that is shaped irregularly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long, slender sclerenchyma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An external layer of tightly packed cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of dermal tissue? |
|
Definition
| Protection from pathogens, herbivores, dehydration, UV ect. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of dermal tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of dermal tissue that covers primary growth structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of dermal tissue that covers secondary growth stems and roots. |
|
|
Term
| Embryonic tissue is localized/generalized and determinate/indeterminate. |
|
Definition
| Embryonic tissue is localized and indeterminate. |
|
|
Term
| Apical meristems initiate ________ ______ and formation of the _____ _______ _________. |
|
Definition
| Apical meristems initiate primary growth and formation of the three tissue systems. |
|
|
Term
| Lateral meristems initate __________ _______. |
|
Definition
| Lateral meristems initate secondary growth. |
|
|
Term
| Vasuclar cambium and cork cambium are growth from ______ _________. |
|
Definition
| Vascular cambium and cork cambium are growth from the lateral meristems. |
|
|
Term
| Where does vascular cambium arise in roots? |
|
Definition
| Between the xylem and phloem of the stele. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the cork cambium arise from in roots? |
|
Definition
| The pericycle of the stele. |
|
|
Term
| What does the cork cambium form in roots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 epidermal tissue cells? |
|
Definition
| Epidermal cells, guard cells, trichome (hair)cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of xylem tissue cells? |
|
Definition
| Support and transport of water and minerals from the roots to the shoots. |
|
|
Term
| What cell type is xylem mostly composed of? What are some examples? |
|
Definition
| Sclerenchyma; tracheids, vessel elements, fibers |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell are tracheids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the anataomy of a tracheid. |
|
Definition
| Tracheids are lonv, thin and with lignified secondary walls. Water moves from cell to cell through pits. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the anatomy of vessel elements. |
|
Definition
| Vessel elements are wide and short sclerenchyma with perforation plates that water freely flows through. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of phloem? |
|
Definition
| Transport of sugars and various metabolites from source to sink. |
|
|
Term
| What 4 cell types can be present in pholem? |
|
Definition
| Sieve tube elements, companion cells, parenchyma, and fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are sieve tube elements/members? |
|
Definition
| They are living parenchyma cells that are long with pores and lack most cellular structures. |
|
|
Term
| Where are sieve tube elements found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are companion cells found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is adjacent to every sieve tube element? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are companion cells connected by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell type is ground tissue mostly composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of ground tissue? |
|
Definition
| Function varies between the organs, and is specialized for functions such as photosynthesis, storage, support ect. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the roots? |
|
Definition
| Anchorage/stability, absorbing minerals and water, and storing carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| What are the two root systems? |
|
Definition
| Taproot system and fibrous root system |
|
|
Term
| Would a taproot system or a fibrous root system be better for stabalizing an embankment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a taproot arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the taproot give rise to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrous roots are _______________ because they arise from odd places, such as the stem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 zones in a root? |
|
Definition
| Zone of cell division, zone of elongation, and zone of maturation |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of root epidermis? |
|
Definition
| Absorption and protection |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of root cortex? |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrate storage and water, mineral and oxygen trasversion |
|
|
Term
| What controls entry into a root stele? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where to lateral roots develop from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do lateral roots arise from the pericycle rather than near the root surface? |
|
Definition
| Because the roots must remain continuous with the vascular cylinder. |
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of leaves? |
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis and transpiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Joins the leaf to a stem at a node |
|
|
Term
| How do you identify an entire leaf from a leaflet? |
|
Definition
| The presence of an axillary bud |
|
|
Term
| Branches/lateral shoots arise from ________ _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the epidermis of the leaf? |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange and protection from insects, bacteria ect. |
|
|
Term
| What is the ground tissue of a leaf called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is mesophyll made of and what is its purpose? |
|
Definition
| Parenchyma and photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| In leaves, vascular bundles are in the form of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of bundle sheaths and what type of tissue are they? |
|
Definition
| Bundle sheaths surround and protect veins in a leaf. They are ground tissue/parenchyma cells. |
|
|
Term
| In a leaf vein, is the xylem or phloem on top? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 functions of stems? |
|
Definition
| Growth of shoot system, support and elevation of plant body, transport between organs, photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stem segements between nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the point at which the leaves attach to the stem |
|
|
Term
| Stems grow opposite of gravity and towards the light. They are _______ ________ and __________ _______. |
|
Definition
| Negatively geotropic and postitively phototropic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Finger-like projections along the sides of the apical meristem that develop into leaves. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the epidermis of the stem? |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange and protection |
|
|
Term
| What is the ground tissue of the stem include? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of collenchyma in the cortex of a stem? |
|
Definition
| Support and photoysnthesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of parenchyma in the pith of the stem? |
|
Definition
| Water and starch storage; air spaces |
|
|
Term
| Pith is composed of ________ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortex is composed of what cell types? |
|
Definition
| Collenchyma and parenchyma |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the vascular arragement in roots compared to the stem? |
|
Definition
| In the stem, the vascular bundles are arranged in a circle on the edges, while in the roots the vascular bundles are in the center. |
|
|
Term
| Where does vascular cambium arise in stems? |
|
Definition
| Between the xylem and phloem of each vascular bundle. |
|
|
Term
| In the stem, vascular cambium produces _________ _________ internally and _________ ________ externally. |
|
Definition
| Secondary xylem internally and secondary pholem externally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of tree ring growth patterns |
|
|
Term
| What does the cork cambium form from? |
|
Definition
| The outer parenchyma in the cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a thin layer of parenchyma cells that forms to the interior of the cork cambium. |
|
|
Term
| What is cork, what does it contain, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Cork is tissue dead at maturity, contains suberin in its walls, and functions as a barrier to protect the stem or root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A waxy material found in cork and the casparian strip |
|
|
Term
| What are lenticels and why are they required? |
|
Definition
| Raised areas in periderm that create space between cork cells and allow for gas exchange. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removing all of the bark, not just the periderm, and destroying the 2nd pholem, stopping the transport of sugars. |
|
|
Term
| Transport in vascular plants occurs on these 3 scales. |
|
Definition
1. Transport of individual cells
2. Transport from cell to cell at tissue and organ level.
3. Transport between xylem and phloem |
|
|
Term
| In what 3 ways does transport occur? |
|
Definition
1. Diffusion
2. Active Transport
3. Bulk flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The energy of water due to position. The energy per volume of water (MPa) |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 uses of turgor pressure? |
|
Definition
1. Inexpensive cell growth
2. Hydrostatic skeleton
3. Pholem transport |
|
|
Term
| Adding solute to a solution raises/lowers water potential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The physical pressure on a solution |
|
|
Term
| Pushing results in positive/negative pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulling results in positive/negative pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plants grown in water with an aeration system to determine which elements are essential to the plant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 9 nutrients required by plants in large quantities. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 9 macronutrients? |
|
Definition
| Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, potassium |
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 micronutrients? |
|
Definition
| Chlorine, iron, maganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, molybdenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most water soil can hold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The point at which a plant can't retain enough water to remain turgid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small particles with air spaces that can hold more water |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 adaptations for soil resource acquisition? |
|
Definition
| Root hairs, aquaporins, mycorrhizzae, casparian strip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| special channels that allow rapid movement of water across a membrane via phosphorylation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A symbiotic relationship between roots and fungus. The fungus gets sugars while the plant gets greater uptake of water and minerals from the increase SA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A special, waxy disposition (suberin in cell walls) in the endodermis that controls what gets into the vasuclar system by forcing water to move symplastically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water and minerals travel outside of the living part of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water and minerals move within cells through plasmodesmata. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water movement through both apoplatic and symplatic pathways. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of H+ with the help of ATP provides energy to help transport other ions into the cell. |
|
|
Term
| Aquporins regulate the ______ of water entry. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does osmosis occur in the apoplastic or symplastic pathway? |
|
Definition
| Symplastic--- must pass through a membrane |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the water potential between the soil and stele? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive pressure in the xylem builds up at night and pushes water up and out of pores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The loss of water vapor from the shoot system to the surrounding environment. |
|
|
Term
| Where does transpiration occur? |
|
Definition
| In the air spaces of the mesophyll in leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of fluid due to a pressure gradient. |
|
|
Term
| What do stomata open and close in response to? |
|
Definition
| Turgor changes (pressure) |
|
|
Term
| What provides a pathway for rapid gas exchange and can be regulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To open a stomata, _____ are pumped out, ______ flow in, and then _____flow in. |
|
Definition
| To open a stomata, H+ are pumped out, K+ flow in, and then H2O flow in. |
|
|
Term
| To open a stomata, what is pumped in and what is pumped out? |
|
Definition
| H+ is pumped out and K+ and H2O are pumped in. |
|
|
Term
| How much water taken up by a plant is lost through transpiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 important roles of transpiration? |
|
Definition
| Cools the leaf, transports minerals from roots to shoots, opens the stomata for CO2 uptake. |
|
|
Term
| What are some things in pholem sap? |
|
Definition
| Sugar (sucrose), amino acids, hormones, minerals, enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Why does glucose travel in the form of sucrose through the pholem? |
|
Definition
| Sucrose is less reactive and will make it to the necessary areas without reacting along the way. |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of positive pressure bulk flow? |
|
Definition
| Movement of sugars down the phloem |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the phloem loading pathway. |
|
Definition
| Chloroplast stroma of mesophyll cell to cytoplasm of mesophyll to companion cell or sieve-tube member through apoplastic o symplastic route |
|
|
Term
| Nutrient deficiency in a plant depend upon what two things? |
|
Definition
| The nutrient's function and mobility |
|
|
Term
| Where will you first seen symptoms of deficeincy of an immobile nutrient in a plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where will you first see signs of deficiency of a mobile nutrient in a plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Mg deficiency look like and why? |
|
Definition
| it causes the leaves to turn yellow because Mg is at the center of cholophyll. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yellowing of leaves do to Mg deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What types of signals can trigger flower development? |
|
Definition
| Enviornmental (day lengh, temp), and internal (hormones) |
|
|
Term
| Growth of the flower is determinate/indeterminate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vegetative growth is determinate/indeterminate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are floral identity genes? |
|
Definition
| Genes that trigger flower formation |
|
|
Term
| What do A floral identity genes code for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do A+B floral identity genes code for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What to B+C floral identity genes code for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do C floral identity genes code for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two floral identity genes are mutually inhibitory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flowers with all 4 floral organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flowers that are unisexual or sterile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple flowers arriving from one stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma |
|
|
Term
| Why are there so many variations of flower? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some flower characteristics that attract bees? |
|
Definition
| Yellow, blue color, UV radiation, sweet fragrance, nectar and pollen |
|
|
Term
| What flower characteristics attract birds? |
|
Definition
| Red, yellow color, little or no scent, nectar, tube-shaped flower |
|
|
Term
| What type of flower traits attract bats and moths? |
|
Definition
| Light colored flowers, strong scent, nectar/pollen |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of flowers are biotically pollinated (animals)? Abiotically (wind ect.)? |
|
Definition
| 80% biotically, 20% abiotically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Haploid multicellular organism |
|
|
Term
| Where is the male gametophyte produced? |
|
Definition
| In the microsporangium in the anther of the stamen. |
|
|
Term
| How the the male gametohpyte produced? |
|
Definition
| The mircorsporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce microspores, which then undergo mitosis to form the gametophyte. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the female gametophyte produced? |
|
Definition
| In the megasporangium in an ovule in the ovary of the carpel. |
|
|
Term
| How is the female gametophyte produced? |
|
Definition
| The megasporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce megaspores which then undergo mitosis to produce the gametophyte |
|
|
Term
| What cells result from the mitosis of the megaspore in female gametophyte formation? |
|
Definition
| 7 cells with 8 nuclei are produced. 3 antipodal cells, 1 endosperm cell (2 nuclei), 1 egg, and 2 synergids |
|
|
Term
| Why is double fertilization an important adaptation to avoid wasting nutrients? |
|
Definition
| It ensures that the endosperm does not develop without a fertilized egg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the sperm reach the mircopyle? |
|
Definition
| 1 sperm disharges and combines with the polar nuclei, forming the endosperm. 1 sperm combines with the zygote. |
|
|
Term
| What do the polar nuclei eventually become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the integuments become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of antipodal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the synergids? |
|
Definition
| They guide the pollen tube to the ovule. |
|
|
Term
| What 3 traits make seeds more adaptive for survival and dispersal? |
|
Definition
| Dormancy, resistancy, nutrient rich |
|
|
Term
| What develops first in seed maturation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the terminal cell produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the basal cell produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 cells are formed after the 1st mitotic division of the zygote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the suspensor? |
|
Definition
| It attaches the embryo to the maturnal plant for nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| What happnes to the endosperm further in seed maturation? |
|
Definition
| It is abosrbed by the cotelydon. |
|
|
Term
| What does the seed embryo consist of? |
|
Definition
| Cotyledons, embryonic shoot (plumule), embryonic root (radicle) |
|
|
Term
| What is the embryonic shoot called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the embryonic root called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates seed germination? |
|
Definition
| Displacemnt of water followed by the release of gibberellins from the embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They stimulate seed germination by signaling the seed to break dormancy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fruit on multiple carpels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
