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| The maintenance of a relatively stable internal physiological environment in an organism; usually involves some form of feedback self-regulation. |
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| The receptor, the Stimulus, and the control center. With the control center often being the brain. |
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| The net movement of dissolved molecules or other particles from a region where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated |
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| A group of similar cells organized into structural and functional unit |
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| Covers the whole surface of the body; tightly packed cells, with almost no intracellular spaces |
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| A single layer of flat cells in contact with the lowest membrane of the epithelial tissue; allows rapid diffusion |
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| Stratified Squamous Tissue |
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| Flattened cells, arranged in layers near the basement membrane of the epithelial tissue |
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| epithelial cells in a single layer, with non-flattened cells, and large circular internal nucleus |
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| Ciliated and Non-ciliated cells, that line most of the organs in the digestive track |
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| pseudostratified columnar tissue |
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| A single layer of cells that has a nucleus positioned as such to suggest a more complex arrangement. |
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| Simple Columnar Cells whose sole purpose is to secrete mucin, which dissolves into mucus. |
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| Fibrous Tissue; one of the 4 traditional classes of tissues; found throughout the body; 3 main components: 1. cells, 2. fibers, 3. Extracellular matrix |
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| In mitochondria, the solution in the interior space surrounded by the cristae that contains the enzymes and other molecules involved in oxidative respiration; more generally, that part of a tissue within which an organ or process is embedded. |
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| Most common connective tissue in vertebrates; holds organs in place, and attaches the epithelial tissue to underlying tissue |
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| Major component of the extracellular matrix, supports tissues, and gives cells structures for the outside. |
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| Fibrous Connective Tissue |
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| Type of connective tissue, with relatively high tensile strength; forms ligaments and tendons; most of the tissue is not comprised of living cells |
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| A connective tissue in skeletons of vertebrates. It forms much of the skeleton of embryos, very young vertebrates, and some adult vertebrates such as sharks and their relatives |
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| Rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates; move support and protect various organs in the body |
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| A mature Osteoblast (a bone-forming cell) |
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| Primary Tissue of bone, relatively lightweight and hard. |
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| Specilaized body fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells at the same time as removing waste |
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55% of blood fluid
92% (by volume) water
the other 8% is composed of dissipated proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide, etc. |
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In vertebrates this muscle occurs in internal organs
Only contracts when a nerve stimulates them too do so |
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| Attached to bones by tendons and their contraction causes the bones to move at their joints |
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| Highly interconnected muscle type, that promotes the rapid spread of signal initiating contraction |
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| Transverse stripes can be seen when viewed in longitudinal section under the microscope (muscle type) |
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One of 4 major classes of vertebrate tissue.
Main component of the Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, and nerves (which regulate and control body functions) |
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| The speed of metabolism (series of chemical reactions that allow an organism to live) |
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| The production of heat by an organism through shivering or increasing their metabolic rate. |
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| The process in which an organism uses outside means to control their internal body temperature |
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| Part of the nervous system that integrates all the information receives and coordinates all the activity of the body (except for sponges) |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| Part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord |
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| A mass of nerve cell bodies |
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| An evolutionary trend in which nerve tissues, over many generations, become concentrated towards one general direction |
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| Detect both internal and external stimuli |
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| A protein molecule that is embedded in the plasma membrane or the cytoplasm of the cell |
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| Carry impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system |
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| Carry impulses from the Central Nervous System to the effectors (muscles and glands) |
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| Located in the brain and spinal cord of vertebrates, help provide complex reflexes and higher associative functions, including learning and memory. |
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Generally muscles or glands
When a deviation in a condition occurs, a message is sent to increase or decrease the activity of particular organs, termed _____________ |
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| A process extending from the cell body of a neuron, typically branched, that conducts impulses toward the cell body |
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| Bulbous end of a neuron that contains the cell nucleus |
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| A process extending out from a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body |
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| A junction between a neuron and another neuron or muscle cell; the two cells do not touch, the gap being bridged by neurotransmitter molecules |
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| A fatty layer surrounding the long axons of motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system of vertebrates |
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| The supporting cells associated with projecting axons, along with all other nerve cells that make up the peripheral nervous system |
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Passive transport
Always open
Allows ions to pass through membranes |
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Passive Transport
Opens and closes in response to stimulus
3 types
1. Stretch
2. Ligand (Chemical) Binding
3. Voltage |
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| The relatively static membrane potential |
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| A transient, all-or-none reversal of the electric potential across a membrane; in neurons, an action potential initiates transmission of nerve impulse |
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| The movement of ions across a plasma membrane that locally wipes out an electrical potential difference |
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| The space between two adjacent neurons |
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| A vesicle of a neurotransmitter produced by the axon terminal of a nerve. The filled vesicle migrates to the presynaptic membrane, fuses with it, and releases the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. |
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| A chemical released at the axon terminal of a neuron that travels across the synaptic clef, binds a specific receptor on the far side, and depending on the nature of the receptor, depolarizes or hyperpolarizes a second neuron or muscle, or gland cell |
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| In vertebrates, the neurons of the peripheral nervous system that control skeletal muscle |
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| The involuntary neurons and ganglia of the peripheral nervous system of vertebrates; regulates the heart gland, visceral organs, and smooth muscle |
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| Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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| Parasympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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| The sensory receptors of the auditory and vestibular systems in all vertebrates |
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| A sensory receptor that transduces chemical impulses into action potential |
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| a light sensitive sensory cell |
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| A molecule, usually a peptide or steroid, that is produced in one part of an organism that triggers a specif cellular reaction in target tissues and organs some distance away |
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| Cells capable of responding to hormones, because they have the necessary receptors |
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| An organ in an organism that synthesizes a substance for release, such as hormones |
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| Hormone that is afraid of water |
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| Hormone that is water loving |
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| A homeostatic control mechanism whereby an increase in some substance or activity inhibits the process leading to the increase; also known as feedback inhibition |
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| A region of the vertebrate brain just below the cerebral hemispheres, under the thalamus; a center of the autonomic nervous system, responsible for the integration and correlation of many neural and endocrine functions |
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Regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction.
Produces 7 hormones |
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Not a gland, large collections of axonal projections
Releases 2 hormones produced in the hypothalamus |
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| Stimulates water re-absorption by the kidneys and in doing so inhibits diuresis. |
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| Parathyroid Gland/Hormone |
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Definition
| 4 small glands attached to the thyroid. A hormone is released to the response of dropping Ca+ levels in the blood. |
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| Secretes 3 hormones, they are unique because they are the only hormones in the body that contain iodine |
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| Organ in the endocrine system that produces insulin |
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| Hormone central to regulating carbohydrates and fat in the body |
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| A vertebrate hormone produced in the pancreas that acts to initiate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose subunits |
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| Molting hormone of arthropods, which triggers when ecdysis occurs |
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| A long, cylindrical, multinucleated cell containing numerous myofibrils, which is capable of contraction when stimulated |
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| A long, cylindrical, multinucleated cell containing numerous myofibrils, which is capable of contraction when stimulated |
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Contractile Tissue
Derived from the mesodermal layer of the embryonic germ cells |
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| Specialized muscle fibers in the heart that transmit electrical signals from the AV node |
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| Fundamental unit of contraction in skeletal muscle; repeating bands of actin and myosin that appear between two Z lines |
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| One of the two major proteins that make up vertebrate muscle; the other is myosin |
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| One of the twho protein components of microfilaments (the other is Actin); a principle component of vertebrate muscle |
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| Binds to actin, uses ATP hydrolysis to generate force and "walk" |
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| The skeleton of most soft-bodied invertebrates that have neither an internal or external skeleton. They use the relative incompressibility of the water within their bodies as a kind of skeleton |
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| An external skeleton, as in arthropods |
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| The endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell. A sleeve of membrane that wraps around each myofilament. |
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| Muscular hollow, functions as important organ in the digestive tract |
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Important organ in vertebrates
functions for protein synthesis and detoxification |
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| In Vertebrates, a small organ that aids in digestion and stores bile |
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| Vast majority of digestion takes place in this organ |
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| An organ that absorbs water from the remaining indigestible food matter |
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| Bitter tasting yellow-brown liquid produced by the liver of most vertebrates |
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| A solution of organic salts that is secreted but the vertebrate liver and temporarily stored in the gallbladder; emulsifies fats in the small intestine |
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| A mixture of 2 or more unblendable liquids |
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| A hormone that promotes the secretion of gastric acid from the stomach |
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| Cholecystokinin; A hormone responsible for stimulating the digestion of fats and proteins |
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| A hormone that controls the secretions into the duodenum |
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| In vertebrates, a blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestines |
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| functions in both digestion and the distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body |
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