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BIO 212 Exam 3
N/A
65
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/17/2011

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Term
type of speciation that is not common overall, but is common in flowering plants
Definition
sympatric speciation via hybridization and polyploidy
Term
reproductive isolating mechanism that is most common in preventing closely related sympatric animal species from interbreeding
Definition
differences in sexual signals
Term
what the biological species definition works well with
Definition
sexually-reproducing plants and animals that are sympatric
Term
allopatric vs sympatric speciation - how common?
Definition
allopatric speciation is more common, but sympatric speciation does occur
Term
what tropic mode would be possessed by a bacterium that made its organic molecules from CO2, and to do so used energy from chemical reactions involving inorganic molecules?
Definition
chemo-litho-autotroph
Term
eukaryotic cell is ____ larger than a bacterial cell
Definition
1000 times
Term
monocots have ____ leaf veins; dicots have ______ leaf veins
Definition
parallel; branching
Term
individual filament that is the basic unit of a fungus's body
Definition
hypha
Term
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Definition
are found in 80% of all land plant species
Term
vessel members
Definition
- are dead at maturity
- are wide and have large perforations at each end
- are not always accompanied by living "companion cells"
- are highly efficient tubes for conducting water in angiosperm plants
Term
most important phenomenon accounting for a plant's ability to move water from the ground up
Definition
transpiration (evaporation from leaves)
Term
translocation
Definition
- movement of sugars in a plant
- occurs in sieve tube members
- is explained by an idea called "pressure-flow hypothesis"
Term
phototropism
Definition
- bending of a plant shoot toward a directional source of light
- only occurs in response to blue light
- first studied by Darwin and his son
Term
red and far-red wavelengths of light are most important for
Definition
photoperiodism
Term
a hominoid but not a hominid (using traditional classification of primates)
Definition
lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)
Term
Old World Monkey
Definition
- more closely related to humans than a New World Monkey
- doesn't have a prehensile tail
- Catarrhine monkey (pointed nose)
Term
compared to other mammals, primates
Definition
- rely more on vision and less on olfaction
- are more likely to be day-active
- have fingernails, not claws
Term
first member of genus Homo and first species to make stone tools
Definition
Homo habilis
Term
Homo erectus
Definition
-made the Acheulean hand ax
- lived for the longest duration of any species of Homo so far
- Java Man and Peking Man
Term
Neanderthals
Definition
have bodies adapted for the conditions of Ice Age Europe
Term
most favored theory for the origin of modern humans
Definition
all modern humans came from an ancestor in Africa that lived 100,000-200,000 years ago
Term
Five Kingdoms system
Definition
Robert Whittaker
Term
Carl Woese - how he changed the tree of life
Definition
discovery that some prokaryotes, Archaea, are quite different from true bacteria and are more closely related to eukaryotes than to true bacteria
Term
basis for traditional classification of bacteria
Definition
- whether it could be Gram-stained or not
- whether a species was photosynthetic or saprobe
- usual shape and number of the bacteria when examined under microscope
- NOT the nucleic acid squence
Term
bacteria can exchange genes through
Definition
transformation, conjugation and transduction
Term
eubacteria lack
Definition
DNA organized into a number of linear chromosomes
Term
bacteria
Definition
- only cellular organisms on earth for first half of life
- are most important in earth's ecological nutrient recycling processes
- exhibit greater biochemical/metabolic diversity than all other kinds of organisms combined
Term
bacterium that breaks down large organic molecules, then uses energy from sunlight to build up into own large organic molecules such as proteins
Definition
photo-heterotroph
Term
Jackson St. George Mivart
Definition
-there are some things that are too complicated and perfect to have evolved from a starting point
Term
two ways new species come into being
Definition
anagenesis (phyletic evolution) and cladogenesis
Term
anagenesis
Definition
- never was more than one thing, but kept changing over time and is quite different from the starting thing
- good example: homo erectus
- by the time it is so different, it is decided it needs a new name
Term
cladogenesis
Definition
- no compelling reason for it to change
- maybe some colonize a new island and natural selection may take a different course
- even though old one did fine, new one popped up in a new location and changed
- clades = branches
- accounts for increase in species from UCA
Term
for cladogenesis, must have almost no _____
Definition
gene flow between the two or would act as one big gene pool
Term
biological species definition
Definition
- focuses on whether or not successful interbreeding can occur
- if make sterile baby, not a success
Term
phylogenetic species concept
Definition
- to Burke, just as flawed as other concepts b/c subjective
Term
allopatric speciation
Definition
- simple geographic isolation
- most common
- separation required depends on what species it is
- example: Galapagos finches (14 species)
Term
sympatric speciation
Definition
- less common
- new species arises even though in same area as its ancestor
- soapberry and maggots
Term
sympatric speciation by disruptive selection is less common than sympatric overall, but pops up more often than expected in ______
Definition
parasites
Term
sympatric speciation via polyploidy
Definition
- usually common in plants
- four requirements
~gametes from one species fertilizing gametes of another
~polyploidy mutation (in a germ-line cell)
~need someone else with same mutation
Term
rarest way to get a species
Definition
sympatric speciation via simple hybridization
- rare to have a hybrid that is fully fertile, but not crossing back with the parents
-example: sunflower - can live where parents can't
-example: red wolf
Term
examples of species who have hybridized each other out of existence
Definition
-Townsend warblers
-killer bees
Term
pre-mating isolating mechanisms
Definition
- continuing geographic isolation
- habitat differences
- differences in breeding time
- behavioral isolation (courtship rituals) *most important*
- mechanical isolation (can't have sex; bee can't get pollen in)
Term
post-mating isolating mechanisms
Definition
-gamete mortality
-zygote mortality
-hybrid sterility (worse case scenario - female wastes energy)
Term
first person to include humans in classification scheme of nature
Definition
Linnaeus
Term
hominoidea
Definition
superfamily that includes all of the apes
Term
some humans have 4-5% Neanderthal genes
Definition
fits a scenario in which Neanderthals interbred
Term
primate lineages - splits into two main branches
Definition
- prosimians
- anthropoids
Term
Old World
Definition
Asia, Africa & Europe
Term
New World
Definition
Americas
Term
second split of primate lineages
Definition
monkeys of Americas and monkeys of everything else (Old World)
Term
prehensile tail
Definition
no Old World monkeys, some New World monkeys
Term
platyrrhine
Definition
flat nose, New World
Term
catarrhine
Definition
pointy nose, Old World
Term
what makes a primate a primate?
Definition
-limbs (haven't changed much; whale, bat, horse; flexible lower arm; no claws; opposable thumb)
-vision (color; stereoscopic)
-upright
-life history strategy (quality over quantity)
-behavior (large numbers; large brains)
Term
ape traits
Definition
-general primate traits to a more exaggerate extent
-large size
-lack of tails
-especially large brains and complex behavior
Term
evidence of human-ape relationship
Definition
-morphological similarity
-chromosomes
-protein sequences (99.3% same)
-DNA studies
Term
Neoteny Hypothesis
Definition
rate and timing at which things happen when embryo develops
- don't change structural genes, just regulatory genes
Term
what happens as you age
Definition
(1) get bigger
(2) have cells acquiring specialized function
(3) acquiring adult body shape
Term
_____ separate from others first (7 million years ago); then ______ (6 million)
Definition
gorillas; chimps
Term
Sahelanthropus
Definition
claim true hominid b/c something others say not
Term
Orrorin
Definition
millennium man; found by Leakies
Term
Ardipithecus
Definition
4.5-4.3 million years ago
- Ardi
Term
distinguishing apes and hominids
Definition
- brain size (human=larger)
- enamel thickness (human=thicker)
-dental arcade (human=continuous U/circular)
-canine size (human=not as pointy, smaller)
-canine shape (human=rounded, blunt)
-canine sexual dimorphism (human=barely a difference)
-premolar shape (humans=two nice bumps)
-location of foramen magum (human=bottom)
- knees (ridges to prevent hyperextension)
- feet
-pelvis (human= not tall, but deep)
-femur angle
-relative length of arms and legs
-rib cage (human=barrel)
Term
first species in our genus
Definition
homo habilus
Term
almost exactly halfway between common ancestor and us
Definition
-A. afarensis
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