Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| most common cause of respiratory acidosis |
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Definition
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Term
| most common cause of respiratory alkalosis |
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Definition
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Term
| what respiratory diseases can lead to respiratory acidosis |
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Definition
| pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, emphysema |
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Term
| what can cause respiratory alkalosis |
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Definition
| hyperventilation due to stress or pain |
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Term
| corrective response to acidosis |
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Definition
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Term
| corrective response to alkalosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| active tissues generate more CO2 and decreases pH thus promoting O2 unloading |
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Term
| what does an elevation in tissue temperature do to O2 unloading |
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Definition
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Term
| is the amount of O2 present in active tissues more or less |
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Definition
| less because active tissue consumes more O2 |
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Term
| what has a strong effect on respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the amount of O2 given up by hemoglobin at the capillary bed known as |
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Definition
| utilization coefficient 22% |
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Term
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Definition
| O2 remaining in the blood that can sustain life 4-5 minutes in respiratory arrest |
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Term
| decrease in pH does what to O2 unloading |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chloride from plasma enters RBC and bicarbonate ion exits RBC to plasma; CO2 carried as bicarbonate, dissolves in the plasma to lungs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where does CO bind on hgb |
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Definition
| the heme group and binds tighter than O2 |
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Term
| 3 ways CO2 is transported |
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Definition
bicarbonate ion dissolved in plasma 70%
carbaminohemoglobin insid RBC 23%
dissolved gas in plasma 7% |
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Term
| does a thicker membrane cause decreased airflow |
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Definition
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Term
| capillary bed gas exchange O2 |
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Definition
| O2 in capillary is higher than in cell so it diffuses out of capillary to tissue fluid to cells |
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Term
| capillary bed gas exchange CO2 |
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Definition
| CO2 in cell is higher than in capillary so it diffuses out of cell to tissue fluid to capillary |
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Term
| how is most O2 transported |
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Definition
| bound to hemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin (98.5%) |
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Term
| 3 variables that effect alveolar gas exchange |
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Definition
pressure gradients of gases
membrane thickness
membrane area |
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Term
| does the diffusion of one gas influence the diffusion of any other gas |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| childbirth, urination, defecation, vomitting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| states that at the air-water interface, the amount of gas that dissolves in the water is determined by its solubility in wayer and its partial pressure in the air |
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Term
| what removes particles from upper respiratory tract |
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Definition
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Term
| what removes particles from lower respiratory tract |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| temporary cessation of breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in pulmonary ventilation with anxiety, fever, high altitude |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in pulmonary ventilation with pneumonia, emphysema, cracked rib, dying process |
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Term
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Definition
| vital capacity + residual volume; sum of all lung volumes |
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Term
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Definition
| max amount of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible; total amount of air exchanged and is used to assess strength of thoracic muscles and pulmonary function |
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Term
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Definition
| air remaining in lungs after max expiration |
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Term
| expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with max effort or forced exhalation...sigh |
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Term
| inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with max effort or deep breath...gasp |
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Term
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Definition
| air inhaled or exhaled in one quiet breath (one respiratory cycle) |
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Term
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Definition
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume |
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Term
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Definition
| incease in diameter of bronchioles |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction in diameter of bronchioles |
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Term
| what stimulates brochodilation to increase airflow |
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Definition
| epinephrine and sympathetic nerves |
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Term
| what stimulates bronchoconstriction to decrease airflow |
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Definition
| histamine, parasympathetic nerves (ACh), cold air, chemical irritants |
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Term
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Definition
ease with which lungs expand
higher = easier lung expansion
lower = more E needed to breathe |
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Term
| 3 factors to resistance to airflow |
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Definition
diameter of bronchioles
pulmonary compliance
surface tension of alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| presence of air in the pleural cavity |
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Term
| the pressure that drives respiration is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
increase volume, decrease pressure
decrease volume, increase pressure |
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Term
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Definition
the volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature
temp increase, volume increase |
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Term
| what are the functions of parietal and visceral pleura during inspiration |
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Definition
| cling together because of serous fluid due to cohesion of water (surface tension) |
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Term
| atmospheric pressure is __________ at higher elevations |
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Definition
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Term
| ventral respiratory group VRG |
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Definition
| in medulla oblongata; primary generator of respiratory rhythm |
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Term
| I neurons stimulate what nerve |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the phrenic nerve due |
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Definition
| causes contraction of diaphragm |
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Term
| when diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, what happens to thoracic cage |
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Definition
| enlarges and causes inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
| dorsal respiratory group DRG |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the integrating center |
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Definition
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Term
| modifies the rhythm of VRG |
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Definition
| pontine respiratory group PRG |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where does PRG receive input from |
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Definition
| hypothalamus, limbic system, sensory cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
located in medulla oblongata
respond to changes in pH of CSF |
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Term
| pH of CSF reflects ______ in blood |
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Definition
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Term
| peripheral chemoreceptors |
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Definition
located in carotid and aortic bodies
respond to pH of blood and O2/CO2 levels in blood |
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Term
| where do peripheral chemoreceptors send signal |
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Definition
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Term
| drop in pH from increase in CO2 levels causes peripheral chemoreceptors to signal DRG then _______ |
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Definition
| DRG signals VRG to adjust breathing and we hyperventilate to blow off CO2 |
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Term
| where does control of breathing originate |
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Definition
| frontal lobe of cerebrum (cerebral cortex) |
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Term
| skeletal muscles can/cannot contract without nervous stimulation |
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Definition
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Term
| breathing involves coordination of multiple muscles and ____ to coordinate |
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Definition
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Term
| lungs do/do not ventilate themselves |
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Definition
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Term
| what ventilates that lungs |
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Definition
| skeletal muscles of trunk by volume changes of thoracic cavity |
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Term
| high surface tension within the alveoli would ______ alveoli when you exhale |
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Definition
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Term
| great alveolar cells secrete |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| great alveolar cell function |
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Definition
| repair alveolar epithelium and secrete surfactant |
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Term
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Definition
| ciliated cuboidal epithelium with well-developed layer of smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
most numerous cell in lungs
phagocytize pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP synthesis requires O2 |
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Term
| 2 meanings of respiration |
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Definition
ventilation of lungs
use of O2 in cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
breathing
inspiration = inhalation
expiration = exhalation |
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Term
| what uses O2 in cellular metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| functions of respiratory system |
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Definition
provide O2/CO2 between air and blood
for speech and vocalization
sense of smell
eliminate CO2 to control pH
carry out step in synthesis of vasoconstrictor angiotensin II ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
creates pressure gradients between thorax and abdomen
helps to expel abdominal contents
conditions air: warms, moistens, cleans; routefor water loss and heat elimination |
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Term
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Definition
| nose-nasal cavity-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli |
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Term
| 2 divisions of respiratory |
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Definition
| conducting and respiratory |
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Term
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Definition
| only for airflow; nostrils to bronchioles |
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Term
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Definition
| alveoli/capillary exchange of gases |
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Term
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Definition
| head/neck: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx |
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Term
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Definition
| thorax: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
warm, cleanse, humidify inhaled air
detect odor
resonating chamber that amplifies voice |
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Term
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Definition
| nares - anterior opening of nose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| bone/cartilage of nasal septum |
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Definition
| vomer bone, perpindicular plate of ethmoid bone, septal cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where do paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts drain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lined with stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| stiff guard hairsb that block insects and debris |
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Term
| 3 folds of tissue in nasal cavity |
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Definition
superior, middle, inferior nasal conchae
aka turbinate bones |
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Term
| forms a narrow passageway beneath each conchae |
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Definition
| meatus - superior, middle, inferior |
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Term
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Definition
| where odors are picked up by olfactory cells |
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Term
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Definition
| ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| plasma cells and lymphocytes |
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Definition
| defend body against inhaled pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
air filled spaces of maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones
**reduces weight of skull** |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
| located within nasopharynx |
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Definition
| auditory tubes and pharyngeal tonsil |
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Term
| located within oropharynx |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid |
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Term
| primary function of larynx |
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Definition
keep food and drink out airway to lungs
passageway for air to trachea |
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Term
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Definition
| vocal cords and opening between them |
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Term
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Definition
| flap of elastic cartilage that guards the opening of larynx/glottis |
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Term
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Definition
elastic cartilage
guards the opening of larynx and glottis |
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Term
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Definition
| largest - hyaline cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior peak (fusion) of thyroid cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
consists of hyaline cartilage
connects larynx to trachea |
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Term
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Definition
| closes glottis during swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
| produces sound when air passes thru them |
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Term
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Definition
windpipe
connects larynx to r/l main bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforce trachea and keeps from collapsing |
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Term
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Definition
| contracts/relaxes to adjust airflow during sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous control |
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Term
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Definition
| ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanism for debris removal |
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Term
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Definition
| directs airflow into r/l main bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| projects just above clavicle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| part of cardiac impression is visible anteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
2 main bronchi
lobar bronchi
segmental |
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Term
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Definition
| ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
within mucus membrane
smooth muscle that contracts and relaxes to regulate airflow |
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Term
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Definition
| lacks supportive cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| ciliated cuboidal epithelium |
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Term
| most numerous cells in lung |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| infant respiratory distress syndrome |
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Term
| functions of pleurae/pleural fluid |
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Definition
reduce friction by secreting pleural fluid
maintains surface tension to aid in breathing
compartmentalization prevents spread of infection in organ,lungs,lobes |
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