Term
| overall function of the male and female reproductive system |
|
Definition
| continuation of the species |
|
|
Term
| 2 parts of reproductive function |
|
Definition
gametogenesis
ferilization |
|
|
Term
| ___ is the production of gametes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is the production of sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is the production of eggs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is the fusion of gametes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| male and female gametes combine to form a ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| male gamete carries an ___ or ___ chromosome to the egg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| female gamete contains most of the ___ for developing zygote and carries the ___ chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in general, after fertilization, female zygote carries ___ chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in general, after fertilization, male zygote carries ___ chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ___, the male is genetically the XY karyotype with testes that secrete testosterone |
|
Definition
| androgen-insensitivity syndrome |
|
|
Term
| in androgen-insensitivity syndrome, the ___ is genetically the XY karyotype with testes that secrete testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in androgen-insensitivity syndrome, the male is genetically the XY karyotype with ___ that secrete testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in androgen-insensitivity syndrome, the male is genetically the XY karyotype with testes that secrete ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in androgen-insensitivity syndrome, the target cells lack receptors for ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in androgen-insensitivity syndrome, the ___ and ___ are feminine, no ovaries, uterus or vagina |
|
Definition
external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
| in adrenogenital syndrome, the genitals of baby girl are masculinized by prenatal ___ of adrenal androgens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in adrenogenital syndrome, the genitals of baby girl are masculinized by prenatal hypersecretion of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in adrenogenital syndrome, the labia majora resembles a ___, the clitoris resembles a ___ and many times such infants are mistaken as boys and raised as such |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| egg/sperm contain ___ chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the ___ and ___ unite at fertilization the total chromosome # is restored to 46 in the zygote |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the egg and sperm unite at fertilization the total chromosome # is restored to 46 in the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| male and female reproductive systems consist of |
|
Definition
primary sex organs
secondary sex organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| male secondary sex organs (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are male secondary sex organs concerned with (3 things) |
|
Definition
storage
survival
conveyance of sperm |
|
|
Term
| female secondary sex organs (3) |
|
Definition
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina |
|
|
Term
| what are female secondary sex organs concerned with (2 things) |
|
Definition
uniting sperm and egg
harboring fetus |
|
|
Term
| reproductive organs classified 2 ways |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| held in pelvic cavity or scrotum |
|
|
Term
| 3 secondary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
features that distinguish sexes
play role in mate attraction
appear as animal approaches sexual maturity |
|
|
Term
| 4 secondary sex characteristics for males and females |
|
Definition
pubic hair
axillary hair
scent glands
pitch of voice |
|
|
Term
| 3 secondary sex characteristics for females |
|
Definition
distribution of fat
enlargement of breast
hairless appearance of skin |
|
|
Term
| 3 secondary sex characteristics for males |
|
Definition
facial hair
relatively coarse and visible torso hair
muscular physique |
|
|
Term
| ___ does not end with fertilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sex determination requires interaction between ___ and ___ produced by the mother and the fetus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| up to ___ weeks, the fetus is sexually undifferentiated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at 6 weeks, gonads begin to develop in embryo as gonadal ridges and 2 sets of adjacent ducts |
|
Definition
mesonephric ducts
paramesonephric ducts |
|
|
Term
| in males, ___ ducts develop into male reproductive system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in males the mesonephric ducts develop into ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ducts degenerate in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in females the ___ ducts develop into female reproductive system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in females the paramesonephric ducts develop into ___ |
|
Definition
| female reproductive system |
|
|
Term
| what ducts degenerate in females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Y chromosome contains a gene called ___ |
|
Definition
| SRY (Sex-determining Region of Y chromosome) |
|
|
Term
| ___ gene codes for protein called testis-determining factor that causes development of testes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the SRY gene codes for protein call ___ that causes development of testes |
|
Definition
| testis-determining factor (TDF) |
|
|
Term
| ___ causes development of testes which secrete testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TDF causes development of ___ which secrete testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TDF causes development of testes which secrete ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| testosterone stimulates ___ duct to develop into male reproductive ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| testes secrete ___ which degenerates paramesonephric ducts |
|
Definition
| mullerian-inhibiting factor MIF |
|
|
Term
| the development of female reproductive tract results from ___ not presence of estrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the embryo, genitalia begin developing from ___ structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| male and female organs develop from the same embryonic structures called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 7 examples of homologous organs |
|
Definition
testis=ovary
scrotum=labia majora
vas deferens=uterine tube
prostate gland=paraurethral glands
bulbourethral glands=vestibular glands
glans penis=clitoris
prepuce=labia minora |
|
|
Term
| testes begin development near ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| testes pass thru abdominal wall via ___ accompanied by testicular nerve, artery and vein, lymphatic vessel, vas deferens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is it essential for the testes to be outside the pelvic cavity |
|
Definition
| low temperatures needed for sperm production |
|
|
Term
| ___ is when boys are born with un-descended testes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| uncorrected cryptorchidism leads to |
|
Definition
| sterility and sometimes testicular cancer |
|
|
Term
| 5 things in male reproductive anatomy |
|
Definition
scrotum
testes
spermatic ducts
accessory glands
penis |
|
|
Term
| ___ and ___ are external genitalia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the scrotum and penis occupy the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scrotum has ___ (3 things) |
|
Definition
sebaceous glands
sparse hair
darker pigmentation |
|
|
Term
| what separates scrotum in to R/L compartments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ protects each testis from infection of other one |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is left testis lower than right testis |
|
Definition
| so they are not compressed against one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the spermatic cord passes thru ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 things spermatic cord contains |
|
Definition
ductus deferens
BV
lymphatic vessels
testicular nerve |
|
|
Term
| 3 mechanisms for regulating temp of testes |
|
Definition
cremaster mus
dartos mus
pampiniform plexus |
|
|
Term
| ___ mus surrounds and penetrates the spermatic cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cremaster mus does what when cold |
|
Definition
contracts
brings testes closer to the body |
|
|
Term
| cremaster mus does what when hot |
|
Definition
relaxes
suspends testes farther from body |
|
|
Term
| ___ mus surrounds scrotum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dartos mus does what when cold |
|
Definition
contracts
reduces heat loss |
|
|
Term
| ___ is an extensive network of veins surrounding the testicular artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain counter-current heat exchanger |
|
Definition
| warm blood flows down the testicular artery and loses heat to the cooler blood flowing in the opposite direction |
|
|
Term
| t/f testes are only an exocrine gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| testes produce ___ that travel in BV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| testes produce ___ that travel in the various ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each lobule of testes contains ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| between seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells protect, nourish, remove waste, and provide growth factors to developing sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells form tight junctions called blood-testis barrier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sustentacular cells form tight junctions called ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ prevents antibodies from getting to the sperm cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f sperm cells are genetically the same as body cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| seminiferous tubules lead to a network called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sperm move thru the rete testis by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sperm move thru the rete testis by cilia and flow of fluid into the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sperm do/do not swim while in the male reproductive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
duct of the epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct |
|
|
Term
| ___ site of sperm maturation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ site of sperm storage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to unused sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carries out peristalsis to move sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unites with seminal vesicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| merger of ductus deferens and seminal vesicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| passes thru the prostate gland and empties into the urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
seminal vesicle
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland |
|
|
Term
| secretion from the ___ constitutes ab 60% of semen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pair of glands posterior to the urinary bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secrete a yellowish secretion into the ejaculatory duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ gland surrounds urethra and ejaculatory ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inferior to the urinary bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secretes a thin, milky secretion constitutes ab 30% of the semen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| positioned near the bulb of the penis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small, brownish glands associated with urethra and secrete clear, slippery fluid that lubricates penis for intercourse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fluid from ___ gland also neutralizes the acidity of residual urine in the urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organ of copulation that deposits semen in vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| half of the penis that is the internal ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| half of the penis that is externally visible ___ & ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is the expanded head at distal end with urethral orifice at the tip |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| skin loosely attaches to ___ ___ that allows for expansion of the penis during erection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| skin that continues over the glans is known as ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whats removed during circumcision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the glans and prepuce have sebaceous glands that produce a waxy secretion called ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ and ___ have sebaceous glands that produce smegma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| penis has 3 cylindrical bodies called ___ tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corpus ___ ends internally as a dilated bulb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corpus ___ ends internally as a crus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endocrine control of male reproduction is function of 3 things |
|
Definition
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
gonads |
|
|
Term
| anterior pituitary gland secretes ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hormone stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ maintains male secondary sex characteristics and libido |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interstitial cells secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| without ___, testosterone has no effect on the testes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| process of sperm production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spermatogenesis occurs where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 events of spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
1 division of one germ cell into 4 small, mobile sperm cells with flagella
2 reduction of chromosomes from 46 - 23
3 shuffling of the genes so that each chromosome of the sperm carries a new gene combination that did not exist in the chromosomes of parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ includes the duplicating of chromosomes, splitting of the cell, distributing 1/2 of the chromosomes to 1 cell and 1/2 to the other and resulting in 2 daughter cells that are genetically identical |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase |
|
|
Term
| ___ is called reduction division |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 events in meiosis I and II |
|
Definition
1 reduces chromosome number 46-23
2 homologous pairs of chromosomes form tetrad and cross over and exchange genetic material
3 one germ cell produces 4 spermatids or 1 ova |
|
|
Term
| ___ where homologous chromosomes line up to form tetrads with 1 chromosome of tetrad from mother and 1 chromosome from father; paternal/maternal exchange segments of DNA by crossing over thus creating new combo of genes contributing to genetic variety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crossing over contributes to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ after crossing over occurs, the tetrads line up at equatorial plane and spindle fibers attach to centromeres |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ tetrad pair separates and reduces # of chromosomes to 23 and chromosomes going to opposite poles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes and cytoplasmic division is complete; each haploid has 23 chromosomes; remain as sister chromatids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ no duplication; still 2 sister chromatids connected by the centromere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ sister chromatids align at equatorial plane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ centromeres divide; sister chromatids move to opposite poles; now a single chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ nuclear envelopes form around chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the final product of meiosis II |
|
Definition
| 4 haploid cells with single stranded chromosome |
|
|
Term
| ___ combines 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 from dad |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fertilization reestablishes the diploid # to 46 chromosomes in the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does spermatogenesis begin |
|
Definition
| during 5th-6th week of embryonic development |
|
|
Term
| germ cells colonize the gonadal ridges and become ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at puberty, ___ secretions reactivate spermatogonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reactivation of spermatogonia brings on ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 steps of spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
1 spermatogonia divide by mitosis; type A spermatogonia serves as lifetime supply of stem cells; type B spermatogonia becomes sperm cell
2 type B spermatogonia becomes primary spermatocyte; primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I which gives rise to 2 haploids and genetically unique secondary spermatocyte
3 2 secondary spermatocyte undergo meiosis II to form 4 spermatids for each type B spermatogonium
4 each spermatid undergoes transformation called spermiogenesis; spermatids discard excess cytoplasm, grow tails, and become spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 nucleus fills most of the head with condensed chromosomes
2 acrosome is a lysosome in form of a cap whose enzymes allow sperm to penetrate protective covering of egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 midpiece cylinder shape thick area with large mitochondria
2 principal piece longest part of flagellum
3 endpiece tip of flagellum |
|
|
Term
| ___ fluid expelled during orgasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is semen called seminal fluid |
|
Definition
| because 60% of its consistency is from the seminal vesicle |
|
|
Term
| ___ fluid activates sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ fluid contains clotting enzyme and serine protease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ fluid contains fructose and other CHO and nourishment for sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is E that mitochondria use to keep sperm alive and swimming for 3 days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is carried out by peristalsis of smooth muscle of ductus deferens and contractions of smooth muscle of prostate gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is a sympathetic reflex that constrict internal urethral sphincter so urine does not enter urethra and semen does not enter the urinary bladder and spasmodic contraction of smooth muscle along root of penis forcibly expels the semen |
|
Definition
|
|
