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Bio 211 male reproductive system
Bio 211 male reproductive system fall 2012 OCTC
184
Biology
Undergraduate 2
11/28/2012

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Term
overall function of the male and female reproductive system
Definition
continuation of the species
Term
2 parts of reproductive function
Definition
gametogenesis
ferilization
Term
___ is the production of gametes
Definition
gametogenesis
Term
___ are sperm/eggs
Definition
gametes
Term
___ is the production of sperm
Definition
spermatogenesis
Term
___ is the production of eggs
Definition
oogenesis
Term
___ is the fusion of gametes
Definition
fertilization
Term
male and female gametes combine to form a ___
Definition
zygote
Term
male gamete =
Definition
sperm
Term
male gamete carries an ___ or ___ chromosome to the egg
Definition
x
y
Term
female gamete =
Definition
egg/ovum
Term
female gamete contains most of the ___ for developing zygote and carries the ___ chromosome
Definition
nutrients
x
Term
in general, after fertilization, female zygote carries ___ chromosomes
Definition
XX
Term
in general, after fertilization, male zygote carries ___ chromosomes
Definition
XY
Term
in ___, the male is genetically the XY karyotype with testes that secrete testosterone
Definition
androgen-insensitivity syndrome
Term
in androgen-insensitivity syndrome, the ___ is genetically the XY karyotype with testes that secrete testosterone
Definition
male
Term
in androgen-insensitivity syndrome, the male is genetically the XY karyotype with ___ that secrete testosterone
Definition
testes
Term
in androgen-insensitivity syndrome, the male is genetically the XY karyotype with testes that secrete ___
Definition
testosterone
Term
in androgen-insensitivity syndrome, the target cells lack receptors for ___
Definition
testosterone
Term
in androgen-insensitivity syndrome, the ___ and ___ are feminine, no ovaries, uterus or vagina
Definition
external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
Term
in adrenogenital syndrome, the genitals of baby girl are masculinized by prenatal ___ of adrenal androgens
Definition
hypersecretion
Term
in adrenogenital syndrome, the genitals of baby girl are masculinized by prenatal hypersecretion of ___
Definition
adrenal androgens
Term
in adrenogenital syndrome, the labia majora resembles a ___, the clitoris resembles a ___ and many times such infants are mistaken as boys and raised as such
Definition
scrotum
penis
Term
sex cells =
Definition
egg
sperm
Term
egg/sperm contain ___ chromosomes
Definition
23
Term
when the ___ and ___ unite at fertilization the total chromosome # is restored to 46 in the zygote
Definition
egg
sperm
Term
when the egg and sperm unite at fertilization the total chromosome # is restored to 46 in the ___
Definition
zygote
Term
male and female reproductive systems consist of
Definition
primary sex organs
secondary sex organs
Term
___ are the gonads
Definition
primary sex organs
Term
gonads produce ___
Definition
gametes
Term
male gonad
Definition
testes
Term
female gonad
Definition
ovary
Term
male secondary sex organs (3)
Definition
ducts
glands
penis
Term
what are male secondary sex organs concerned with (3 things)
Definition
storage
survival
conveyance of sperm
Term
female secondary sex organs (3)
Definition
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
Term
what are female secondary sex organs concerned with (2 things)
Definition
uniting sperm and egg
harboring fetus
Term
reproductive organs classified 2 ways
Definition
internal
external
Term
external genitalia
Definition
externally visible
Term
internal genitalia
Definition
held in pelvic cavity or scrotum
Term
3 secondary sex characteristics
Definition
features that distinguish sexes
play role in mate attraction
appear as animal approaches sexual maturity
Term
4 secondary sex characteristics for males and females
Definition
pubic hair
axillary hair
scent glands
pitch of voice
Term
3 secondary sex characteristics for females
Definition
distribution of fat
enlargement of breast
hairless appearance of skin
Term
3 secondary sex characteristics for males
Definition
facial hair
relatively coarse and visible torso hair
muscular physique
Term
___ does not end with fertilization
Definition
sex determination
Term
sex determination requires interaction between ___ and ___ produced by the mother and the fetus
Definition
genetics
hormones
Term
up to ___ weeks, the fetus is sexually undifferentiated
Definition
6
Term
at 6 weeks, gonads begin to develop in embryo as gonadal ridges and 2 sets of adjacent ducts
Definition
mesonephric ducts
paramesonephric ducts
Term
in males, ___ ducts develop into male reproductive system
Definition
mesonephric
Term
in males the mesonephric ducts develop into ___
Definition
male reproductive system
Term
what ducts degenerate in males
Definition
paramesonephric
Term
in females the ___ ducts develop into female reproductive system
Definition
paramesonephric
Term
in females the paramesonephric ducts develop into ___
Definition
female reproductive system
Term
what ducts degenerate in females
Definition
mesonephric
Term
Y chromosome contains a gene called ___
Definition
SRY (Sex-determining Region of Y chromosome)
Term
___ gene codes for protein called testis-determining factor that causes development of testes
Definition
SRY
Term
the SRY gene codes for protein call ___ that causes development of testes
Definition
testis-determining factor (TDF)
Term
___ causes development of testes which secrete testosterone
Definition
TDF
Term
TDF causes development of ___ which secrete testosterone
Definition
testes
Term
TDF causes development of testes which secrete ___
Definition
testosterone
Term
testosterone stimulates ___ duct to develop into male reproductive ducts
Definition
mesonephric
Term
testes secrete ___ which degenerates paramesonephric ducts
Definition
mullerian-inhibiting factor MIF
Term
the development of female reproductive tract results from ___ not presence of estrogen
Definition
absence of androgens
Term
in the embryo, genitalia begin developing from ___ structures
Definition
identical
Term
male and female organs develop from the same embryonic structures called
Definition
homologous organs
Term
7 examples of homologous organs
Definition
testis=ovary
scrotum=labia majora
vas deferens=uterine tube
prostate gland=paraurethral glands
bulbourethral glands=vestibular glands
glans penis=clitoris
prepuce=labia minora
Term
testes begin development near ___
Definition
kidney
Term
testes pass thru abdominal wall via ___ accompanied by testicular nerve, artery and vein, lymphatic vessel, vas deferens
Definition
inguinal canal
Term
why is it essential for the testes to be outside the pelvic cavity
Definition
low temperatures needed for sperm production
Term
___ is when boys are born with un-descended testes
Definition
cryptorchidism
Term
uncorrected cryptorchidism leads to
Definition
sterility and sometimes testicular cancer
Term
5 things in male reproductive anatomy
Definition
scrotum
testes
spermatic ducts
accessory glands
penis
Term
___ and ___ are external genitalia
Definition
scrotum
penis
Term
the scrotum and penis occupy the ___
Definition
perineum
Term
scrotum contains
Definition
testes
Term
scrotum has ___ (3 things)
Definition
sebaceous glands
sparse hair
darker pigmentation
Term
what separates scrotum in to R/L compartments
Definition
median septum
Term
___ protects each testis from infection of other one
Definition
median septum
Term
why is left testis lower than right testis
Definition
so they are not compressed against one another
Term
scrotum contains the ___
Definition
spermatic cord
Term
the spermatic cord passes thru ___
Definition
inguinal canal
Term
4 things spermatic cord contains
Definition
ductus deferens
BV
lymphatic vessels
testicular nerve
Term
3 mechanisms for regulating temp of testes
Definition
cremaster mus
dartos mus
pampiniform plexus
Term
___ mus surrounds and penetrates the spermatic cord
Definition
cremaster
Term
cremaster mus does what when cold
Definition
contracts
brings testes closer to the body
Term
cremaster mus does what when hot
Definition
relaxes
suspends testes farther from body
Term
___ mus surrounds scrotum
Definition
dartos
Term
dartos mus does what when cold
Definition
contracts
reduces heat loss
Term
___ is an extensive network of veins surrounding the testicular artery
Definition
pampiniform plexus
Term
explain counter-current heat exchanger
Definition
warm blood flows down the testicular artery and loses heat to the cooler blood flowing in the opposite direction
Term
t/f testes are only an exocrine gland
Definition
false
Term
testes produce ___ that travel in BV
Definition
hormones
Term
testes produce ___ that travel in the various ducts
Definition
sperm
Term
each lobule of testes contains ___
Definition
seminiferous tubules
Term
between seminiferous tubules
Definition
interstitial cells
Term
source of testosterone
Definition
interstitial cells
Term
___ cells protect, nourish, remove waste, and provide growth factors to developing sperm
Definition
sustentacular
Term
___ cells form tight junctions called blood-testis barrier
Definition
sustentacular
Term
sustentacular cells form tight junctions called ___
Definition
blood-testis barrier
Term
___ prevents antibodies from getting to the sperm cells
Definition
blood-testis barrier
Term
t/f sperm cells are genetically the same as body cells
Definition
false
Term
seminiferous tubules lead to a network called
Definition
rete testis
Term
sperm move thru the rete testis by ___
Definition
cilia
Term
sperm move thru the rete testis by cilia and flow of fluid into the ___
Definition
epididymis
Term
sperm do/do not swim while in the male reproductive tract
Definition
do not
Term
3 spermatic ducts
Definition
duct of the epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
Term
___ site of sperm maturation
Definition
duct of the epididymis
Term
___ site of sperm storage
Definition
duct of the epididymis
Term
what happens to unused sperm
Definition
epididymis reabsorbs it
Term
aka vas deferens
Definition
ductus deferens
Term
carries out peristalsis to move sperm
Definition
ductus deferens
Term
unites with seminal vesicle
Definition
ductus deferens
Term
merger of ductus deferens and seminal vesicle
Definition
ejaculatory duct
Term
passes thru the prostate gland and empties into the urethra
Definition
ejaculatory duct
Term
3 accessory glands
Definition
seminal vesicle
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland
Term
secretion from the ___ constitutes ab 60% of semen
Definition
seminal vesicle
Term
pair of glands posterior to the urinary bladder
Definition
seminal vesicle
Term
secrete a yellowish secretion into the ejaculatory duct
Definition
seminal vesicle
Term
___ gland surrounds urethra and ejaculatory ducts
Definition
prostate
Term
inferior to the urinary bladder
Definition
prostate gland
Term
secretes a thin, milky secretion constitutes ab 30% of the semen
Definition
prostate gland
Term
positioned near the bulb of the penis
Definition
bulbourethral glands
Term
small, brownish glands associated with urethra and secrete clear, slippery fluid that lubricates penis for intercourse
Definition
bulbourethral glands
Term
fluid from ___ gland also neutralizes the acidity of residual urine in the urethra
Definition
bulbourethral
Term
organ of copulation
Definition
penis
Term
organ of copulation that deposits semen in vagina
Definition
penis
Term
half of the penis that is the internal ___
Definition
root
Term
half of the penis that is externally visible ___ & ___
Definition
shaft
glans
Term
___ is the expanded head at distal end with urethral orifice at the tip
Definition
glans
Term
skin loosely attaches to ___ ___ that allows for expansion of the penis during erection
Definition
penile shaft
Term
skin that continues over the glans is known as ___
Definition
prepuce or foreskin
Term
whats removed during circumcision
Definition
prepuce or foreskin
Term
the glans and prepuce have sebaceous glands that produce a waxy secretion called ___
Definition
smegma
Term
the ___ and ___ have sebaceous glands that produce smegma
Definition
glans
prepuce
Term
penis has 3 cylindrical bodies called ___ tissue
Definition
erectile
Term
corpus ___ ends internally as a dilated bulb
Definition
spongiosum
Term
corpus ___ ends internally as a crus
Definition
cavernosum
Term
endocrine control of male reproduction is function of 3 things
Definition
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
gonads
Term
anterior pituitary gland secretes ___
Definition
gonadotropins FSH and LH
Term
hormone stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
Definition
LH
Term
___ maintains male secondary sex characteristics and libido
Definition
testosterone
Term
interstitial cells secrete
Definition
testosterone
Term
hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis
Definition
FSH
Term
sperm production aka
Definition
spermatogenesis
Term
without ___, testosterone has no effect on the testes
Definition
FSH
Term
process of sperm production
Definition
spermatogenesis
Term
spermatogenesis occurs where
Definition
seminiferous tubules
Term
3 events of spermatogenesis
Definition
1 division of one germ cell into 4 small, mobile sperm cells with flagella
2 reduction of chromosomes from 46 - 23
3 shuffling of the genes so that each chromosome of the sperm carries a new gene combination that did not exist in the chromosomes of parents
Term
2 forms of cell division
Definition
meiosis
mitosis
Term
___ includes the duplicating of chromosomes, splitting of the cell, distributing 1/2 of the chromosomes to 1 cell and 1/2 to the other and resulting in 2 daughter cells that are genetically identical
Definition
mitosis
Term
4 phases of mitosis
Definition
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Term
___ is called reduction division
Definition
meiosis
Term
2 steps in meiosis
Definition
meiosis I
meiosis II
Term
3 events in meiosis I and II
Definition
1 reduces chromosome number 46-23
2 homologous pairs of chromosomes form tetrad and cross over and exchange genetic material
3 one germ cell produces 4 spermatids or 1 ova
Term
___ where homologous chromosomes line up to form tetrads with 1 chromosome of tetrad from mother and 1 chromosome from father; paternal/maternal exchange segments of DNA by crossing over thus creating new combo of genes contributing to genetic variety
Definition
prophase I
Term
crossing over contributes to
Definition
genetic variety
Term
___ after crossing over occurs, the tetrads line up at equatorial plane and spindle fibers attach to centromeres
Definition
metaphase I
Term
___ tetrad pair separates and reduces # of chromosomes to 23 and chromosomes going to opposite poles
Definition
anaphase I
Term
___ nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes and cytoplasmic division is complete; each haploid has 23 chromosomes; remain as sister chromatids
Definition
telophase I
Term
meiosis II is similar to
Definition
mitosis
Term
___ no duplication; still 2 sister chromatids connected by the centromere
Definition
prophase II
Term
___ sister chromatids align at equatorial plane
Definition
metaphase II
Term
___ centromeres divide; sister chromatids move to opposite poles; now a single chromosome
Definition
anaphase II
Term
___ nuclear envelopes form around chromosome
Definition
telophase II
Term
what is the final product of meiosis II
Definition
4 haploid cells with single stranded chromosome
Term
___ combines 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 from dad
Definition
fertilization
Term
fertilization reestablishes the diploid # to 46 chromosomes in the ___
Definition
zygote
Term
when does spermatogenesis begin
Definition
during 5th-6th week of embryonic development
Term
germ cells colonize the gonadal ridges and become ___
Definition
spermatogonia
Term
at puberty, ___ secretions reactivate spermatogonia
Definition
testosterone
Term
reactivation of spermatogonia brings on ____
Definition
spermatogenesis
Term
4 steps of spermatogenesis
Definition
1 spermatogonia divide by mitosis; type A spermatogonia serves as lifetime supply of stem cells; type B spermatogonia becomes sperm cell
2 type B spermatogonia becomes primary spermatocyte; primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I which gives rise to 2 haploids and genetically unique secondary spermatocyte
3 2 secondary spermatocyte undergo meiosis II to form 4 spermatids for each type B spermatogonium
4 each spermatid undergoes transformation called spermiogenesis; spermatids discard excess cytoplasm, grow tails, and become spermatozoa
Term
2 parts of spermatozoa
Definition
head
tail
Term
2 structures of head
Definition
1 nucleus fills most of the head with condensed chromosomes
2 acrosome is a lysosome in form of a cap whose enzymes allow sperm to penetrate protective covering of egg
Term
3 regions of tail
Definition
1 midpiece cylinder shape thick area with large mitochondria
2 principal piece longest part of flagellum
3 endpiece tip of flagellum
Term
___ fluid expelled during orgasm
Definition
semen
Term
aka seminal fluid
Definition
semen
Term
why is semen called seminal fluid
Definition
because 60% of its consistency is from the seminal vesicle
Term
___ fluid activates sperm
Definition
prostatic
Term
___ fluid contains clotting enzyme and serine protease
Definition
prostatic
Term
___ fluid contains fructose and other CHO and nourishment for sperm
Definition
seminal vesicle
Term
___ is E that mitochondria use to keep sperm alive and swimming for 3 days
Definition
fructose
Term
2 stages of ejaculation
Definition
emission
expulsion
Term
___ is carried out by peristalsis of smooth muscle of ductus deferens and contractions of smooth muscle of prostate gland
Definition
emission
Term
___ is a sympathetic reflex that constrict internal urethral sphincter so urine does not enter urethra and semen does not enter the urinary bladder and spasmodic contraction of smooth muscle along root of penis forcibly expels the semen
Definition
expulsion
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