Term
| pathway of food through GI tract |
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Definition
| oral cavity - pharynx - esophagus - stomach - small intestines - large intestines |
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Term
| accessory structures of the digestive system |
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Definition
| teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| break nutrients down into forms that can be used by the body and absorb them so they can be distributed to tissues |
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Term
| five stages that carry out digestive functions |
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Definition
| ingestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, defecation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mechanical and chemical breakdown of food |
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Term
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Definition
| uptake of nutrient molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| absorbing of water and consolidation of the indigestible residue into feces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| physical breakdown of food into smaller particles; teeth cut and grind; our stomach and intestines carry out churning action |
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Term
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Definition
| series of hydrolysis reactions that break dietary macromolecules into their monomers |
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Term
| examples of nutrients that do not need to be broken down |
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Definition
| vitamins, free aa's, minerals (calcium), cholesterol, water |
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Term
| tissue layers of digestive tract |
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Definition
| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| circular and longitudinal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium and areolar tissue |
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Term
| what lines the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and anus? |
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Definition
| nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
| what lines the rest of the GI tract (stomach and intestines)? |
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Definition
| simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is located in the submucosa? |
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Definition
| lymphocytes and macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| nourish surrounding tissues, carry absorbed material away from GI tract to mesenteric veins and eventually to hepatic protal vein to liver |
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Term
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Definition
| circular muscles that churn food |
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Term
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Definition
| longitudinal muscles that propels food |
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Term
| function of muscularis externa |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 serous membranes associated with GI tract |
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Definition
| greater omentum, lesser omentum, mesenteries, mesocolon |
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Term
| function of serous membranes |
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Definition
| help anchor digestive organs in place, carry BV, lymph vessels and nerves to abdominal organs, help restrict the spread of infection in abdominal cavity |
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Term
| 2 serous membranes located behind the GI tract |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hold abdominal viscera in proper relationship; provides passageway for BV, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and contains many lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| anchors the colon to the posterior wall |
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Term
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Definition
| extends from liver to stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| apron from stomach and loosely covers the small intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| adhere to perforations or inflamed areas of stomach and intestines; contribute immune cells to the site and isolates infections that might otherwise give rise to peritonitis |
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Term
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Definition
| organs enclosed by mesentary |
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Term
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Definition
| organs pressed against abdominal wall and covered by peritoneum; ex: duodenum, pancreas and large intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| by parasympathetic output is stimulatory |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates pancreas to secrete HCO- (bicarbonate ions) |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates pancreas to secrete pancreatic enzymes and GB to secrete bile |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates stomach to secrete gastric juice |
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Term
| gastrin inhibitory peptide |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| ingest/taste, mechanical/chemical digestion, mastication, swallowing, speech and respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| retain food, push food between teeth; essential for speech and sucking |
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Term
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Definition
| space between cheeks or lips and teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| skeletal muscle that manipulates food between teeth |
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Term
| surface of tongue lined with |
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Definition
| nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| small bumps and projections on tongue; contain taste buds; provide friction for manipulating food |
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Term
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Definition
| palatine processes of the maxillary bone and palatine bone |
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Term
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Definition
| skeletal muscle with a conical projection called uvula |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of maxilla and palatine bone to fuse |
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Term
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Definition
aka dentition
function to masticate food, breaks food into smaller pieces thus increasing surface area for more exposure to digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| covers the dentin in the crown |
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Term
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Definition
chisel-like
4 central incisors
4 lateral incisors |
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Term
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Definition
pointed to puncture and shred food
2 upper and 2 lower |
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Term
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Definition
crushing and grinding
4 1st premolars and 4 2nd premolars |
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Term
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Definition
crushing and grinding
4 1st, 2nd, 3rd premolars |
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Term
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Definition
chewing
1st step in mechanical digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| moisten and cleanses the mouth, inhibits bacterial growth, dissolves molecules to stimulate taste buds, digest a little starch, makes swallowing easier, binds food together into a soft mass, lubricates mass with mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| salivary amylase, lingual lipase, mucus, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, electrolytes |
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Term
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Definition
| begins chemical digestion of starch |
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Term
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Definition
| digests fat after reaches the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| binds and lubricates food, aids in swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
| antibacterial enzymes that kill bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Na, K, Cl, phosphate and bicarbonate |
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Term
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Definition
| parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
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Term
| upper esophageal sphincter |
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Definition
| constricts to prevent air from moving into esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| opening to auditory tube and pharyngeal tonsils |
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Term
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Definition
| palatine and lingual tonsils |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous with esophagus and larynx |
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Term
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Definition
| extends from pharynx to stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| opening where esophagus penetrates the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| lower esophageal sphincter |
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Definition
| prevents stomach contents from regurgitating into the esophagus |
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Term
| what coordinates swallowing? |
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Definition
| the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntary control; tongue collects food and forms bolus and pushes it posteriorly; food accumulates in oropharynx; once critical size, it tips epiglottis and the bolus slides around it into laryngopharynx |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary control; root of tongue blocks oral cavity; soft palate rises and blocks nasopharynx; muscles pull larynx up to meet the epiglottis and vestibular folds close the airway |
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Term
| when bolus reaches lower esophageal sphincter |
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Definition
| it relaxes and allows bolus to enter the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| food storage organ; secretes HCl, intrinsic factor, pepsin, gastrin, begins chemical digestion of proteins with pepsin; empties into duodenum via pyloric sphincter; very little is absorbed in stomach except water, electrolytes, and drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| stomach mechanically digests food into a liquid mixture |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac, fundic, body, pyloric |
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Term
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Definition
| thick ring of smooth muscle around pylorus that meters out chyme at 3mL/contraction of stomach |
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Term
| what stimulates the stomach |
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Definition
| parasymphathetic nerve fibers of vagus nerve |
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Term
| where does all blood drained from stomach and small intestines enter |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mucosa = simple columnar epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| wrinkles of mucosa and submucosa when stomach is empty |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
at bottom of gastric pits
contain: mucous cells, regenerative cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete HCl, intrinsic factor and ghrelin |
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Term
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Definition
| destroys pathogens, denatures proteins, activates pepsin |
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Term
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Definition
| necessary for B12 absorption in intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| appetite-regulating hormone; produces sensation of hunger |
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Term
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Definition
| most numerous secreting cell; secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| HCl converts into pepsin which begins protein digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete hormones such as gastrin that stimulations secretions of above gastric juice |
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Term
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Definition
mostly water, pepsin, HCl
secretions increase with parasympathetic output and secretion of hormone gastrin |
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Term
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Definition
secreted from parietal cells
denatures proteins; breaks up CT and plant cell wall and helps liquify food and form chyme
convert ferric ions to ferrous ions
contributes to nonspecific disease resistance by destroying most ingested pathogens with low pH |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted from chief cells and digest dietary proteins into shorter peptide chains |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted from chief cells and digest 10-15% of dietary fat in stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted from parietal cells and is essential for B12 absorption by small intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| necessary for RBC production |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by vitamin B12 deficiency |
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Term
| where does most digestion and nearly all absorption occur |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mucous coat secretes thick, highly alkaline mucus that resist acids and enzymes; tight junctions prevent gastric juice from seeping between epithelial cells and digesting CT; epithelial cell replacement every 3-6 days |
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Term
| what 3 things release important secretions into duodenum to continue digestion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| largest internal organ; 4 lobes: right, left, quadrate, caudate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| remove bacteria and debris from the blood; remove and breakdown old, worn out RBC |
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Term
| liver removes and degrades |
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Definition
| hormones, toxins, bile pigments, drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| albumins, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen, plasminogen, fibrinogens, complement proteins, alpha globulins, HDL, cholesterol |
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Term
| liver produces and secretes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin A, D, K B12, FE and glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
| delivers 70% of nutrient rich, oxygen poor blood from digestive system |
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Term
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Definition
| delivers 30% oxygen rich, nutrient poor to liver |
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Term
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Definition
| right/left hepatic veins and drain into IVC |
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Term
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Definition
| system of ducts that connect liver, GB, duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| exit lobe and merger into common hepatic duct |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cystic+common hepatic; merges with pancreatic duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla surrounded by hepatopancreatic sphincter that regulates delivery of bile |
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Term
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Definition
| stores and concentrates bile |
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Term
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Definition
| minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids (lecithin), bile pigments, bile acids |
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Term
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Definition
| chief bile; pigment from breakdown of hgb |
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Term
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Definition
| large intestines contain a bacteria that breaks down bilirubin into |
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Term
| what causes feces to have brown color |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| steroids synthesized from cholesterol; emulsify fats and aid in fat digestion and absorption of fats, cholesterols, fat soluble vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
| emulsify fats and aid in fat digestion and absorption of fats, cholesterols, fat soluble vitamins |
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Term
| when fat enters duodenum, what stimulates GB to secrete bile? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| secretes hormones, digestive enzymes, HCO3 |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted from endocrine pancreatic islets into interstitial area and picked up by BV and carried to target cell |
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Term
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Definition
| alpha cells; increase blood glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| beta cells; decrease blood glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted from acinar cells into the pancreatic duct |
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Term
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Definition
| alkaline mixture of water, digestive enzymes, sodium bicarbonate |
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Term
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Definition
| digest starch into maltose |
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Term
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Definition
| digests fats into monoglyceride + 2 fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| digests proteins into peptides including trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase |
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Term
| ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease |
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Definition
| digest RNA/DNA into nucleotides |
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Term
| acetylcholine (ACh neural) |
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Definition
| stimulates pancreatic acini to secrete their digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted from endocrine cells in duodenum; stimulates pancreas to secrete pancreatic enzymes and GB to contract and release bile |
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Term
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Definition
| responds to acidity of chyme from the stomach and stimulates liver and pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions to neutralize acid from the stomach which increases pH in duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur here |
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Term
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Definition
| simple columnar epithelium |
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Term
| prevents intestines from kinking |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 regions of small intestine |
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Definition
| duodenumk, jejunum, ileum |
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Term
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Definition
| receives stomach contents, pancreatic juice and bile from GB and liver |
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Term
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Definition
| end of duodenum at sharp bend |
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Term
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Definition
stomach acids are neutralized
fats are emulsified by bile acids
pancreatic enzymes take over the digestion of nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| last section, joins the cecum |
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Term
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Definition
| where ileum joins cecum of large intestines |
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Term
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Definition
sphincter where ileum and cecum join
prevents feces from backing up into ileum |
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Term
| 3 kinds of internal folds/projections |
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Definition
| circular folds, villi, microvilli |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by muscularis mucosae that cause chyme to flow in spiral path which slows its progress, causes more contact with mucosa, and promotes mixing and nutrient absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| contain BV, arterioles, capillaries and cenules that receive nutrients like glucose and aa; contain a lacteal that receives fats in form of chylomicron |
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Term
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Definition
| surround villi; simple columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells |
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Term
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Definition
| on apical surface of simple columnar epithelial cells; aka brush border |
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Term
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Definition
| intestinal lipase, intestinal protease, maltase, sucrase, lactase |
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Term
| 3 functions of contractions in small intestines |
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Definition
| intestinal motility mixes chyme allowing fluids to neutralize acids and digest nutrients; churns chyme to increase contact with brush border for digestion and nutrient absorption; leftover residue is moved towards large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| begins in oral cavity with salivary amylase; once in stomach, pH denatures and CHO digestion stops |
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Term
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Definition
| in duodenum, continues the digestion of CHO |
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Term
| AA's, glucose, fructose and galactose are absorbed into |
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Definition
| simple columnar epithelial cells; pass into the blood capillaries to mesenteric veins and eventually into the hepatic portal vein and into liver |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that digest proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| begins in stomach and breaks proteins into polypeptides and that moves to small intestine |
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Term
| break the polypeptides into smaller oligopeptides |
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Definition
| trypsin, chymotrypsin and carbolpeptidase |
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Term
| breaks apart oligopeptides one AA at a time to complete digestion of proteins |
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Definition
| dipeptidase, amoinopeptidase and carboxypeptidase |
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Term
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Definition
| stomach secretes to digest proteins into polypeptides |
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Term
| trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase |
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Definition
| pancreas secretes to continue digestions |
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Term
| dipeptidase, amoinopeptidase, carboxypeptidase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| digest 15% of dietary fat before it passes into small intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| digest 15% of dietary fat before it passes into small intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for most digestion of lipids in the small intestines |
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Term
| what do lipids do when exposed to HCl in the stomach |
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Definition
| clump together; clumps enter small intestines and segmentation mechanically breaks larger clumps into small ones |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates GB to secrete bile salts, bile acids and lecithin to emulsify fats clumps and keeps the clumps separated so that pancreatic lipase and intestinal lipase has more surface to begin digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| the mechanical digestion of triglycerides by segmentation in intestines which breaks up fat globule |
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Term
| what begins chemical digestion of lipids |
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Definition
| pancreatic lipase and intestinal lipase |
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Term
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Definition
| absorb fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol, FA's, glycerols and monoglycerides that were produced by fat digestion |
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Term
| what transports fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol, FA's, glycerols and monoglycerides to the enterocyte |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| yes; continuing to ferry lipids to enterocyte |
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Term
| what aids in absorption of FA's and monoglycerides, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens within enterocyte |
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Definition
| monoglyceride 2FA or glycerol 3FA move to SER and resynthesized into triglycerides; they move to golgi complex and are coated with protein and phospholipids to form chylomicron a lipoprotein |
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Term
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Definition
| transported thru lymphatic system to the left lymphatic duct and enter bloodstream at left subclavian vein |
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Term
|
Definition
| hydrolyze DNA/RNA to nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| do not need digesting and are absorbed all along small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| functions of large intestines |
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Definition
absorb remaining water
absorb metabolites produced by resident bacteria
store residue temporarily
eliminate feces |
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Term
| 4 parts of large intestines |
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Definition
| cecum, colon, rectum, anus |
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Term
| what does the appendix contain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid |
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Term
|
Definition
| feces are stored here; opens to anal canal which leads to anus |
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Term
|
Definition
| internal and external anal sphincter |
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Term
|
Definition
| longitudinal smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| when taenia coli contract, causes wall of large intestines to bulge |
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Term
| mucosa of large intestines |
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Definition
| simple columnar epithelium |
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Term
| what lines anal canal and anus |
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Definition
| nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
|
Definition
| longitudinal muscle fibers that form taenia coli producing haustra |
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Term
| whats absorbed in large intestines |
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Definition
water
electrolytes
vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| permanently distended veins |
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Term
| voluntary/involuntary : internal anal sphincter |
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Definition
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Term
| voluntary/involuntary : external anal sphincter |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| ferment cellulose and other undigested carbs; synthesize vitamins B and K and when the bacteria dies we absorb the B and K |
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Term
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Definition
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